Nursing Elites

1. What are stem cells that can develop into many different cell types, but not a complete organism, known as?

• A. Totipotent stem cells
• B. Multipotent stem cells
• C. Pluripotent stem cells
• D. Hematopoietic stem cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Pluripotent stem cells are capable of developing into many different cell types, but they cannot form a complete organism. Totipotent stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues, enabling them to form a complete organism. Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a limited range of cell types. Hematopoietic stem cells specifically give rise to blood cells.

2. What is the process by which a cell divides to produce two daughter cells?

• A. Mitosis
• B. Meiosis
• C. Differentiation
• D. Transformation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mitosis is the correct answer because it is the process of cell division that results in the production of two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. Meiosis, while also involving cell division, leads to the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Differentiation is the specialization of cells for specific functions, not the process of cell division. Transformation involves a cell incorporating foreign DNA into its genome, which is unrelated to the division of a cell into two daughter cells.

3. What happens to the work done on an object when the angle between the force and displacement is 90 degrees?

• A. Maximum work is done
• B. No work is done
• C. Minimum work is done
• D. Work is infinite

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When the angle between the force and displacement is 90 degrees, the work done is given by the formula W = F * d * cos(theta), where theta is the angle between the force and displacement vectors. Since cos(90 degrees) = 0, the work done becomes zero. This means that no work is done on the object when the angle between the force and displacement is 90 degrees. Choice A is incorrect because maximum work is done when the force and displacement are in the same direction (theta = 0 degrees). Choice C is incorrect as minimum work is done when the force and displacement are parallel (theta = 0 degrees), not perpendicular. Choice D is incorrect because work cannot be infinite; it depends on the force, displacement, and the cosine of the angle between them.

4. Which of the following is the primary physical barrier the body uses to prevent infection?

• A. mucus membranes
• B. stomach acid
• C. skin
• D. urine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'C: skin.' The skin is the primary physical barrier the body uses to prevent infection. It acts as a protective shield that prevents harmful microorganisms from entering the body. The outer layer of the skin, known as the epidermis, acts as a tough physical barrier that blocks the entry of pathogens. Additionally, the skin has special immune cells that can help fight off invaders that manage to breach the physical barrier. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While mucous membranes, stomach acid, and urine play important roles in the body's defense against pathogens, the primary physical barrier is the skin, which covers the entire body and provides a robust protective barrier.

5. Which of the following factors would NOT affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent?

• A. Temperature
• B. Pressure
• C. Particle size
• D. Nature of the solute and solvent

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Pressure does not typically affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Solubility is primarily influenced by factors such as temperature, particle size, and the nature of the solute and solvent. Increasing pressure generally has a minimal effect on the solubility of solids in liquids. The impact of pressure on solubility is more significant for gases in liquids rather than solids in liquids. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Options A, C, and D directly impact the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent. Temperature affects the solubility as it changes the kinetic energy of particles, particle size can impact the surface area available for interaction between solute and solvent, and the nature of the solute and solvent influences their intermolecular interactions and compatibility.

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