Nursing Elites

1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type, responsible for:

• A. Immediate allergic reactions
• B. Neutralizing toxins and viruses
• C. Activating other immune cells
• D. Protecting newborns from infections

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is indeed the most prevalent antibody type in the blood and tissue fluids. Its primary functions include neutralizing toxins and viruses, promoting phagocytosis, and activating the complement system. IgG plays a crucial role in long-term immunity and provides passive immunity to newborns by crossing the placenta, safeguarding them from infections. Immediate allergic reactions are mainly mediated by IgE, not IgG. While IgM is known for activating other immune cells, IgG focuses on other key functions within the immune response, such as neutralizing pathogens and enhancing phagocytosis. Therefore, the correct answer is B, as IgG is primarily involved in neutralizing toxins and viruses, rather than the other options presented.

2. Based on the passages, what can we infer about the relationship between assault and lethal force?

• A. An act of lethal force always results from a type of assault.
• B. An assault will lead to the use of lethal force by someone.
• C. An assault with deadly intent can lead to an individual using lethal force to preserve their well-being.
• D. If someone uses self-defense in a conflict, it is considered deadly force; if actions or threats are intended, it is classified as assault.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: From the passages provided, it can be inferred that an assault with deadly intent can lead to an individual using lethal force to defend themselves and preserve their well-being. This suggests a relationship between assault with deadly intent and the potential use of lethal force in self-defense situations. Choice A is incorrect because lethal force is not always a direct result of assault, as it depends on the circumstances. Choice B is incorrect as not all assaults lead to the use of lethal force by someone. Choice D is incorrect as the definition of deadly force and assault are distinct, with deadly force typically being used in self-defense situations where there is an immediate threat of severe harm or death.

3. What word best describes the author's attitude toward those who believe they understand money?

• A. Supportive
• B. Incriminating
• C. Excessive
• D. Patronizing

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The author's tone towards those who think they understand money is patronizing, as seen in the statement 'Many of my hearers may say, 'we understand this; this is economy, and we know economy is wealth; we know we can't eat our cake and keep it also.' Yet I beg to say that perhaps more cases of failure arise from mistakes on this point than almost any other.' This conveys a sense of superiority and belittlement, making 'Patronizing' the best word to describe the author's attitude. - Choice A, 'Supportive,' is incorrect as the author is not expressing support but rather a critical view. - Choice B, 'Incriminating,' is incorrect as the author is not accusing or blaming those who believe they understand money. - Choice C, 'Excessive,' is incorrect as it does not capture the author's attitude of looking down on others' understanding of money.

4. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and mobilizing energy stores?

• A. Cortisol
• B. Aldosterone
• C. Epinephrine
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and mobilizes energy stores to provide the body with the necessary resources to respond to a perceived threat or stressor. Cortisol, although produced by the adrenal glands, is not responsible for the 'fight or flight' response; it is involved in regulating metabolism, immune response, and stress. Aldosterone, another hormone produced by the adrenal glands, primarily regulates electrolyte and fluid balance. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels and is not directly involved in the 'fight or flight' response.

5. Wow, what an amazing shot to win the game!

• A. Comma
• B. Exclamation mark
• C. Semicolon
• D. Question mark

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is an exclamation mark because it is used to convey strong emotion or excitement, which is appropriate for the sentence. A comma is not suitable here as it does not convey the level of excitement expressed in the sentence. A semicolon is used to join independent clauses or separate items in a list, which is not required in this context. A question mark would be incorrect as the statement is not a question but rather an expression of excitement.

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