Nursing Elites

1. What is the unit of measurement for force in the International System of Units (SI)?

• A. Newton (N)
• B. Kilogram (kg)
• C. Joule (J)
• D. Meter per second squared (m/s²)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The unit of measurement for force in the International System of Units (SI) is the Newton (N). One Newton is defined as the force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared. Therefore, the correct answer is Newton (N). The other choices are incorrect because: B) Kilogram (kg) is a unit of mass, not force; C) Joule (J) is a unit of energy; D) Meter per second squared (m/s²) is a unit of acceleration, not force.

2. Which of the following is produced by Natural Killer Cells to create pores for target cell rupture?

• A. Interferon
• B. Apoptosis
• C. Perforin
• D. Antibody

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Perforin. Natural Killer cells release perforin, which forms pores in the membrane of target cells, leading to their lysis. Interferon (choice A) is a protein released by cells in response to viral infections, apoptosis (choice B) is programmed cell death, and antibodies (choice D) are produced by B cells to neutralize pathogens but are not directly involved in creating pores for cell rupture like perforin.

3. What is the name of the microscopic finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

• A. Goblet cells
• B. Paneth cells
• C. Villi
• D. Crypts of Lieberkühn

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Goblet cells: Goblet cells are specialized cells that secrete mucus to protect the lining of the digestive tract. While important for maintaining the health of the intestines, goblet cells do not increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine. B) Paneth cells: Paneth cells are specialized cells found in the small intestine that secrete antimicrobial peptides. They play a role in protecting the intestinal stem cells and maintaining the gut microbiota balance, but they do not increase the surface area for absorption. C) Villi: Villi are microscopic finger-like projections found in the small intestine that increase the surface area available for absorption of nutrients. Each villus contains blood vessels and lacteals (lymphatic vessels) that help absorb nutrients from digested food. D) Crypts of Lieberkühn: Crypts of Lieberkühn are small pits located between the villi

4. Which property of a substance remains constant regardless of changes in its shape or size?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Volume
• D. Density

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Mass.' Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and remains constant regardless of changes in its shape or size. Weight, volume, and density can all change depending on the conditions, but mass remains the same. Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity, which can change based on the gravitational pull. Volume is the amount of space an object occupies, which can change if the shape or size of the object changes. Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume, which can change if either the mass or volume changes. Therefore, in this scenario, mass is the property that remains constant regardless of changes in shape or size.

5. Which cavity contains all of the frontal cavities? Choose only ONE best answer.

• A. Dorsal
• B. Thoracic
• C. Abdominopelvic
• D. Ventral

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ventral. The ventral cavity includes both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. The frontal cavities are part of the ventral cavity, which is located towards the front of the body, while the dorsal cavity is towards the back. The dorsal cavity contains the cranial and vertebral cavities, not the frontal cavities. The thoracic cavity is part of the ventral cavity but does not encompass all the frontal cavities. The abdominopelvic cavity is also part of the ventral cavity, but it does not include all of the frontal cavities. Therefore, the ventral cavity is the correct choice as it encompasses all the frontal cavities.

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