Nursing Elites

1. Which term is used to classify reactions that require light energy to proceed?

• A. Combustion reactions
• B. Endothermic reactions
• C. Photochemical reactions
• D. Double displacement reactions

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Reactions that require light energy to proceed are classified as photochemical reactions. Photochemical reactions involve the absorption of light energy to initiate a chemical reaction. Combustion reactions involve the rapid combination of a substance with oxygen, endothermic reactions absorb heat from the surroundings, and double displacement reactions involve the exchange of ions between two compounds. Therefore, the correct term for reactions requiring light energy is 'photochemical reactions,' making option C the correct answer.

2. Which types of molecules can move through a cell membrane by passive transport?

• A. Complex sugars
• B. Non-lipid soluble molecules
• C. Oxygen
• D. Molecules moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxygen. Small, non-polar molecules like oxygen can easily pass through the cell membrane by passive transport as they move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy input. Complex sugars (choice A) are typically too large to pass through the membrane by passive transport. Non-lipid soluble molecules (choice B) may require active transport mechanisms. Choice D describes active transport, where molecules move against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input.

3. Which valve allows blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle?

• A. Tricuspid valve
• B. Pulmonic valve
• C. Mitral valve
• D. Aortic valve

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Tricuspid valve. This valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle in the heart. Its primary function is to facilitate the flow of blood from the right atrium into the right ventricle and to prevent the backflow of blood. The Pulmonic valve (choice B) is situated between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, not between the right atrium and ventricle, making it incorrect. The Mitral valve (choice C) is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, not the right side, so it is incorrect. The Aortic valve (choice D) is positioned between the left ventricle and the aorta, not involved in the right atrium and ventricle connection, hence it is also incorrect.

4. What is the significance of cell division?

• A. Growth and repair of tissues
• B. Sexual reproduction
• C. Genetic diversity
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cell division is a fundamental process that serves multiple critical functions in living organisms. It is essential for the growth and repair of tissues by enabling the formation of new cells to replace old or damaged ones. Moreover, cell division plays a pivotal role in sexual reproduction as it is involved in the production of gametes necessary for fertilization. Additionally, cell division contributes to genetic diversity through processes like meiosis, which leads to the formation of genetically distinct gametes. Therefore, the correct answer is D, 'All of the above,' as cell division is significant for growth, repair, sexual reproduction, and genetic diversity. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they each represent only one aspect of the significance of cell division, whereas the correct answer encompasses all the essential roles that cell division plays in living organisms.

5. Which digestive enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins?

• A. Pepsin
• B. Lipase
• C. Amylase
• D. Maltase

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Pepsin. Pepsin is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach. It is produced in an inactive form called pepsinogen, which becomes activated by the acidic environment in the stomach. Pepsin functions by breaking down proteins into smaller peptides, which are further digested by other enzymes in the small intestine. Lipase is responsible for breaking down fats, amylase for carbohydrates, and maltase for converting maltose into glucose. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are associated with breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and converting maltose, respectively, not proteins.

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