Nursing Elites

1. Glial cells support and protect neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system. What are they called?

• A. Astrocytes
• B. Neuroglia
• C. Oligodendrocytes
• D. Schwann cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Astrocytes are a type of glial cell that provide support and protection for neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. While the term 'Neuroglia' is often used to refer to glial cells collectively, in this context, the question specifically asks for the name of the cells, making 'Astrocytes' the correct answer. Choice B, 'Neuroglia,' is a general term for all glial cells, not a specific type. Choices C and D, 'Oligodendrocytes' and 'Schwann cells,' are also types of glial cells but are not the primary cells responsible for supporting and protecting neurons as described in the question.

2. Through which part of the digestive system are nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream?

• A. Stomach
• B. Large intestine
• C. Small intestine
• D. Esophagus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the digestive system. It is where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats occurs. The inner lining of the small intestine is covered in tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream to be transported to cells throughout the body. The stomach's main role is to break down food through the action of stomach acids and enzymes but does not absorb nutrients. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter, and the esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach, without being involved in nutrient absorption.

3. What is the most basic unit of structure in living things?

• A. Cell
• B. Organelle
• C. Oxygen
• D. Pigment

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The cell is indeed the most basic unit of life, forming the foundation of all living organisms. Cells are the building blocks of all living things, containing organelles that perform specific functions. While oxygen is essential for life, it is not a structural unit. Similarly, pigment is a component found within cells but is not the fundamental unit of structure. Therefore, the correct answer is 'A: Cell.'

4. In endocrine regulation, the feedback loop is a critical concept. In a negative feedback loop, high levels of a hormone can result in:

• A. Further stimulating the release of the same hormone
• B. Inhibiting the release of the hormone or its production
• C. Having no effect on the hormone's regulation
• D. Increasing the need for another hormone entirely

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a negative feedback loop, high levels of a hormone will inhibit the release of the hormone or its production. This mechanism is crucial for maintaining homeostasis by preventing excessive levels of hormones in the body. When a hormone reaches a certain concentration, it triggers the body to decrease its production or release, thereby ensuring a balance within the system. Choice A is incorrect because a negative feedback loop aims to counteract high hormone levels, not further stimulate them. Choice C is incorrect as high hormone levels do have an effect by triggering the feedback loop. Choice D is incorrect as the negative feedback loop operates within the same hormone system rather than increasing the need for an entirely different hormone.

5. In the context of cholesterol levels, LDL cholesterol is often referred to as:

• A. HDL or "good" cholesterol.
• B. LDL or "bad" cholesterol.
• C. Total cholesterol, encompassing both LDL and HDL.
• D. VLDL, a type of triglyceride transported in the bloodstream.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: LDL cholesterol is often referred to as "bad" cholesterol because high levels of LDL can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. LDL cholesterol is considered harmful as it contributes to the formation of plaque in blood vessels, whereas HDL cholesterol helps remove LDL from the arteries. Choice A is incorrect because HDL is known as "good" cholesterol, which helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to total cholesterol, which includes LDL, HDL, and other lipids. Choice D is incorrect as VLDL is a different type of lipoprotein that carries triglycerides and is not specifically related to LDL cholesterol.

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