Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of cells restoring damaged or lost tissues called?

• A. Cell division
• B. Cell differentiation
• C. Cell growth
• D. Cell regeneration

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Cell division refers to the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells. B) Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions. C) Cell growth is the increase in cell size or number. D) Cell regeneration is the process of cells restoring damaged or lost tissues by replacing or repairing the damaged cells. This process is essential for healing wounds and maintaining tissue integrity.

2. What is the primary function of red blood cells?

• A. To transport nutrients
• B. To transport oxygen
• C. To fight infection
• D. To produce antibodies

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To transport oxygen. Red blood cells play a crucial role in carrying oxygen from the lungs to all the tissues and organs in the body. This oxygen transport is essential for cellular respiration, where oxygen is used in the production of energy. Red blood cells do not primarily transport nutrients, fight infection, or produce antibodies. Choice A is incorrect because while red blood cells do carry some nutrients, their primary function is to transport oxygen. Choice C is incorrect because immune cells, not red blood cells, are responsible for fighting infections. Choice D is incorrect as antibody production is mainly carried out by specialized white blood cells, not red blood cells.

3. What do Newton's rings visually demonstrate?

• A. Diffraction
• B. Doppler effect
• C. Polarization
• D. Thin-film interference

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Newton's rings are a series of concentric colored rings observed when light is reflected between a spherical surface and a flat surface. This phenomenon is a result of thin-film interference, where light waves reflecting off the two surfaces interfere with each other constructively or destructively, leading to the observed pattern of rings. Diffraction, polarization, and the Doppler effect are not related to the specific phenomenon of Newton's rings. Diffraction refers to the bending of waves around obstacles, polarization deals with the orientation of electromagnetic waves, and the Doppler effect relates to the change in frequency of waves due to motion. Therefore, the correct answer is thin-film interference, as it precisely describes the phenomenon observed in Newton's rings.

4. How many molecules of NADPH and ATP are required to reduce 6 molecules of CO2 to glucose via photosynthesis?

• A. 6 NADPH and 9 ATP
• B. 12 NADPH and 18 ATP
• C. 18 NADPH and 24 ATP
• D. 24 NADPH and 36 ATP

Correct answer: B

Rationale: During photosynthesis, 12 molecules of NADPH and 18 molecules of ATP are required to reduce 6 molecules of CO2 to glucose. NADPH and ATP are essential energy carriers in the process of photosynthesis. Choice A is incorrect because it underestimates the required molecules of both NADPH and ATP. Choices C and D overestimate the number of molecules needed, making them incorrect answers.

5. What type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines?

• A. Cardiac muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Voluntary muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Smooth muscle is the correct type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines. It is responsible for movements such as peristalsis, aiding in the movement of food and other materials through the digestive system. Cardiac muscle (Choice A) is found in the heart and is responsible for the heart's contractions, not in hollow organs like the intestines. Skeletal muscle (Choice C) is attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements, not in hollow organ walls. Voluntary muscle (Choice D) is another term for skeletal muscle, which is under conscious control, unlike smooth muscle in hollow organ walls.

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