Nursing Elites

1. Where does visual processing begin in the eye?

• A. Cornea
• B. Optic nerve
• C. Retina
• D. Eyelid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Visual processing begins in the retina, not the cornea, optic nerve, or eyelid. The retina is a layer of tissue at the back of the eye that contains photoreceptor cells responsible for converting light into neural signals that are then sent to the brain for processing. The cornea is the transparent outer layer of the eye that helps focus light, but it does not process visual information. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, it does not initiate visual processing. The eyelid is a protective covering for the eye and is not involved in visual processing.

2. Which statement correctly matches the valve with its function in the heart?

• A. The aortic valve allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
• B. The mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.
• C. The pulmonic valve allows deoxygenated blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
• D. The tricuspid valve allows deoxygenated blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The aortic valve allows oxygenated blood to flow from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. When the left ventricle contracts, the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped into the aorta, the body's main artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to various parts of the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not match the described functions of the mitral, pulmonic, and tricuspid valves, respectively. The mitral valve controls the flow of blood between the left atrium and left ventricle, the pulmonic valve regulates the flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, and the tricuspid valve manages the blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.

3. What are groups of cells that perform the same function called?

• A. tissues
• B. plastids
• C. organs
• D. molecules

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Groups of cells that perform the same function are called tissues. Tissues are composed of a group of similar cells working together to carry out specific functions within an organism. Each type of tissue has a specialized structure that enables it to perform its specific role effectively. Plastids are cell organelles found in plants responsible for functions like photosynthesis and storage, not groups of cells. Organs are composed of different types of tissues working together. Molecules are made up of atoms and are not groups of cells.

4. What macromolecules are formed from amino acids, and what are their roles?

• A. Lipids; store energy
• B. Carbohydrates; provide energy
• C. Proteins; perform various functions like catalysis, transport, and structural support
• D. Nucleic acids; store genetic information

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Proteins are macromolecules formed from amino acids and have diverse roles, such as serving as enzymes, transport molecules, and providing structural support. They are essential for catalysis, cellular communication, immune response, and many other functions in living organisms. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Lipids are not formed from amino acids but from fatty acids and glycerol, mainly serving as energy storage molecules. Carbohydrates are composed of sugars and provide energy to the body. Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides and store genetic information in cells.

5. What are the white blood cells responsible for coordinating the immune response called?

• A. Red blood cells
• B. Platelets
• C. Lymphocytes
• D. Neutrophils

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Lymphocytes, which include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, are responsible for coordinating the immune response. They play a crucial role in recognizing and fighting against pathogens and foreign substances in the body. Red blood cells are responsible for oxygen transport, platelets aid in blood clotting, and neutrophils are white blood cells primarily involved in combating infections. Therefore, the correct answer is C, lymphocytes, as they are specifically involved in coordinating immune responses.

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