Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between exhalation (expiration) and inhalation (inspiration)?

• A. Exhalation involves active muscle contraction, while inhalation is passive.
• B. Inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air, while exhalation releases carbon dioxide-rich air.
• C. Exhalation occurs through the nose only, while inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth.
• D. Inhalation warms and humidifies air, while exhalation cools and dries air.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Exhalation (expiration) involves active muscle contraction, specifically the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity and push air out of the lungs. In contrast, inhalation (inspiration) is a passive process where the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to increase the thoracic cavity volume, allowing air to flow into the lungs. Choice B is incorrect as exhalation removes carbon dioxide-rich air and inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air. Choice C is incorrect because both exhalation and inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth. Choice D is inaccurate as inhalation humidifies and warms the air, while exhalation cools and dries it.

2. In which direction do the particles of the medium move in a transverse wave?

• A. Perpendicular to the direction of wave travel
• B. Parallel to the direction of wave travel
• C. In a circular motion
• D. Opposite to the direction of wave travel

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a transverse wave, the particles of the medium move perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. This means that the particles move up and down or side to side as the wave passes through the medium. This motion creates crests and troughs in the wave, leading to the characteristic oscillation observed in transverse waves. Choice B is incorrect because in transverse waves, the particle movement is not parallel to the direction of wave travel. Choice C is incorrect as the particles do not move in a circular motion in a transverse wave. Choice D is incorrect as the particles do not move opposite to the direction of wave travel; they move perpendicular to it.

3. Which structure in the respiratory system serves as the 'windpipe' that conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi?

• A. Trachea
• B. Larynx
• C. Bronchi
• D. Alveoli

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the trachea. The trachea, commonly referred to as the 'windpipe,' is a vital structure in the respiratory system that connects the larynx to the bronchi. It is made up of cartilage rings that provide structural support, preventing collapse and ensuring the unobstructed flow of air into the lungs. The trachea plays a crucial role in facilitating the passage of air from the upper respiratory tract to the lower respiratory tract. The larynx is responsible for sound production and is located above the trachea. The bronchi are the two main branches that lead from the trachea into the lungs, further branching into smaller airways. Alveoli are the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs, but they are not the structure that serves as the 'windpipe' for air passage in the respiratory system.

4. What is the scientific name for the building blocks of proteins?

• A. Residues
• B. Monomers
• C. Macromolecules
• D. Peptides

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. - Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are considered monomers. - Monomers are the individual units that can be linked together to form larger molecules called polymers. - In the context of proteins, amino acids are the monomers that are linked together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, which then fold into functional proteins. - Residues refer to the specific amino acids within a protein after certain modifications or cleavages have occurred, so it is not the correct term for the building blocks of proteins. - Macromolecules are large molecules made up of smaller subunits, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, but they are not the specific building blocks of proteins. - Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, but they are not the fundamental building blocks of proteins.

5. What is the body's primary defense against pathogens?

• A. Phagocytes
• B. Antibodies
• C. Memory B cells
• D. T lymphocytes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phagocytes. Phagocytes are the body's first line of defense against pathogens. They are innate immune cells that engulf and digest foreign particles like bacteria and viruses, preventing infections. Phagocytes act as the initial barrier to invading pathogens and are part of the innate immune response. Choice B, Antibodies, are produced by B cells in the adaptive immune response. Choice C, Memory B cells, are also part of the adaptive immune response and provide a faster and stronger response upon re-exposure to pathogens. Choice D, T lymphocytes, are part of the adaptive immune response, particularly involved in cell-mediated immunity.

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