Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between exhalation (expiration) and inhalation (inspiration)?

• A. Exhalation involves active muscle contraction, while inhalation is passive.
• B. Inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air, while exhalation releases carbon dioxide-rich air.
• C. Exhalation occurs through the nose only, while inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth.
• D. Inhalation warms and humidifies air, while exhalation cools and dries air.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Exhalation (expiration) involves active muscle contraction, specifically the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity and push air out of the lungs. In contrast, inhalation (inspiration) is a passive process where the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to increase the thoracic cavity volume, allowing air to flow into the lungs. Choice B is incorrect as exhalation removes carbon dioxide-rich air and inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air. Choice C is incorrect because both exhalation and inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth. Choice D is inaccurate as inhalation humidifies and warms the air, while exhalation cools and dries it.

2. What type of macromolecule is hemoglobin?

• A. Carbohydrate
• B. Lipid
• C. Protein
• D. Nucleic acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein. Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood. Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids and play a vital role in various biological functions, including the transportation of molecules like oxygen. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are different types of macromolecules that have distinct structures and functions. Carbohydrates are mainly involved in energy storage and structural support, lipids are essential for energy storage and cell membrane structure, and nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

3. How many mcg are there in 0.2 mg?

• A. 20 mcg
• B. 200 mcg
• C. 2000 mcg
• D. 2 mcg

Correct answer: B

Rationale: To convert milligrams to micrograms, you need to multiply by 1000 since 1 mg is equal to 1000 mcg. Therefore, 0.2 mg is equivalent to 200 mcg. It is crucial to understand this conversion to ensure precise medication dosages. Choice A is incorrect because it does not account for the conversion factor of 1000 between milligrams and micrograms. Choice C is incorrect as it represents the conversion of grams to micrograms. Choice D is incorrect as it does not consider the conversion factor from milligrams to micrograms.

4. How does lymph move through the lymphatic vessels?

• A. By the pumping action of the heart
• B. Due to muscle contractions and breathing movements
• C. Through one-way valves within the vessels
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Lymph moves through the lymphatic vessels due to the presence of one-way valves within the vessels. These valves prevent the backflow of lymph and help propel the fluid forward as muscles contract and relax or due to breathing movements. Unlike blood circulation, the lymphatic system does not rely on the pumping action of the heart to move lymph. Choice A is incorrect because lymphatic circulation does not depend on the pumping action of the heart. Choice B is partly correct as muscle contractions and breathing movements do assist in propelling lymph, but the primary mechanism is the presence of one-way valves within the vessels, making choice C the most accurate answer. Choice D is incorrect as not all options listed contribute to how lymph moves through the lymphatic vessels.

5. How many neutrons and electrons could a negative ion of sulfur have?

• A. 16 neutrons, 16 electrons
• B. 16 neutrons, 17 electrons
• C. 17 neutrons, 16 electrons
• D. 17 neutrons, 17 electrons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A negative ion of sulfur would have 16 protons and 17 electrons since it gains one electron. The number of neutrons in an ion does not change, so the neutrons would remain at 16. Therefore, the correct answer is 16 neutrons and 17 electrons, which corresponds to choice B. Choice A is incorrect as it does not account for the extra electron gained by the negative ion. Choices C and D are incorrect because they propose a change in the number of neutrons, which is not affected by the ionization process.

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