Nursing Elites

1. In aerobic respiration, how many ATP molecules are produced per molecule of FADH2?

• A. 1
• B. 2
• C. 3
• D. 4

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 2. During aerobic respiration, each molecule of FADH2 produces 2 ATP molecules. FADH2 enters the electron transport chain and contributes to the generation of ATP. Choice A (1), Choice C (3), and Choice D (4) are incorrect because FADH2 specifically yields 2 ATP molecules per molecule in the process of aerobic respiration.

2. The body's first line of defense against pathogens is the innate immune system. Which of the following is NOT a component of the innate immune system?

• A. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
• B. Phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens
• C. Inflammatory response to isolate and contain infection
• D. Production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen is a function of the adaptive immune system, not the innate immune system. The innate immune system provides immediate, non-specific defense mechanisms against pathogens, including physical barriers, phagocytes, and inflammatory responses. Choices A, B, and C are all correct components of the innate immune system. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes act as the first line of defense, preventing pathogens from entering the body. Phagocytes are specialized cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, while the inflammatory response helps isolate and contain infections to prevent their spread.

3. Which of the following describes a reflex arc?

• A. The storage and recall of memory
• B. The maintenance of visual and auditory acuity
• C. The autoregulation of heart rate and blood pressure
• D. A stimulus and response controlled by the spinal cord

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Choice D correctly describes a reflex arc. A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex action. It involves a specific sequence of events that occur in response to a stimulus, which is rapidly and involuntarily processed by the spinal cord. The spinal cord coordinates the quick processing of sensory input and the generation of a motor response without involving the brain, allowing for rapid protective responses. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not accurately describe a reflex arc. A reflex arc is specifically related to the rapid and involuntary response to a stimulus through neural pathways involving the spinal cord, not memory storage, visual and auditory acuity maintenance, or heart rate and blood pressure autoregulation.

4. What is the longest bone in the human body?

• A. Tibia
• B. Fibula
• C. Femur
• D. Humerus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The femur is indeed the longest bone in the human body. It extends from the hip to the knee, providing crucial support for the body's weight and enabling various movements. The tibia and fibula are bones in the lower leg, while the humerus is located in the upper arm. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect in this context.

5. A scientist wants to conduct quantitative research. Which method should they use?

• A. Collecting patient narratives.
• B. Tracking the dosage of a drug and its blood levels in the patient.
• C. Observing a patient's physical changes.
• D. Writing journal notes about the research experience.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In quantitative research, numerical data is collected and analyzed. Choice B, tracking the dosage of a drug and its blood levels in the patient, involves collecting quantitative data, making it the correct method. Choices A, C, and D involve qualitative data such as narratives, physical observations, and journal notes, which do not align with the quantitative research method.

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