Nursing Elites

1. What function do ribosomes serve within the cell?

• A. Ribosomes are responsible for cell movement.
• B. Ribosomes aid in protein synthesis.
• C. Ribosomes help protect the cell from its environment.
• D. Ribosomes have enzymes that help with digestion.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ribosomes serve a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating mRNA into proteins. They are not involved in cell movement, protecting the cell from the environment, or aiding in digestion. Choice A is incorrect because ribosomes are not responsible for cell movement. Choice C is incorrect because ribosomes do not primarily protect the cell from its environment. Choice D is incorrect because ribosomes do not have enzymes that aid in digestion.

2. What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

• A. To provide structural support for the cell
• B. To transport substances in and out of the cell
• C. To synthesize proteins and lipids
• D. To store genetic material

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The primary function of the cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, allowing specific molecules to pass through while blocking others. This role is crucial for maintaining the internal environment of the cell by enabling essential nutrients to enter and waste products to exit. While the cell membrane provides some structural support for the cell, its main function is substance transport. Protein and lipid synthesis predominantly occur in organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and storing genetic material is the nucleus's responsibility. Therefore, choices C (To synthesize proteins and lipids) and D (To store genetic material) are incorrect as these functions are carried out by other cell organelles, not the cell membrane.

3. Which of the following types of muscles is found in the walls of hollow organs?

• A. Cardiac
• B. Smooth
• C. Skeletal
• D. Voluntary

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Smooth muscles are the correct answer as they are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines and blood vessels. Cardiac muscles are specifically found in the heart and are responsible for its contractions. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and control voluntary movements. Voluntary muscles are under conscious control, but this term is not a specific type of muscle like smooth, cardiac, or skeletal muscles.

4. What is the control, if any, in this experiment?

• A. There is no control in this experiment
• B. The control is the water
• C. The control is the diet soda
• D. The control is the amount of sunlight provided to the plants

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'The control is the water.' In a scientific experiment, the control group is used as a baseline comparison to evaluate the effects of the variables being tested. Here, the water serves as the control group against which the effects of other substances like diet soda or different amounts of sunlight can be compared. Choice A is incorrect as every experiment should have a control group for comparison. Choice C and D are incorrect as they are not the standard control in this scenario.

5. What is the significance of the nuclear envelope breaking down during mitosis?

• A. It allows the chromosomes to condense and become visible.
• B. It allows the spindle apparatus to form and attach to the chromosomes.
• C. It allows the sister chromatids to separate.
• D. It allows the nuclear material to be evenly distributed to the daughter cells.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) The breakdown of the nuclear envelope does not directly cause the chromosomes to condense and become visible. Chromosome condensation is a separate process that occurs before mitosis begins. B) The breakdown of the nuclear envelope is crucial for the formation of the spindle apparatus, a structure made of microtubules that helps separate the chromosomes during cell division. The spindle apparatus attaches to the chromosomes and helps move them to opposite poles of the cell. C) The separation of sister chromatids occurs during anaphase, which is facilitated by the spindle apparatus. The breakdown of the nuclear envelope is not directly involved in this process. D) The even distribution of nuclear material to daughter cells is achieved through the movement of chromosomes by the spindle apparatus, which is made possible by the breakdown of the nuclear envelope.

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