Nursing Elites

1. If an organism is AB, which of the following combinations in the gametes is NOT possible?

• A. AB
• B. AA
• C. BB
• D. AB

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. If an organism is AB, it indicates that it carries two different alleles. During gamete formation, each gamete receives only one allele from the pair present in the organism. Therefore, in this case, the possible gametes would be 'A' and 'B,' making 'AA' impossible. Choice A, 'AB,' is possible as each gamete can carry one of the alleles from the genotype. Similarly, 'BB' is also possible if one of the alleles separates into a gamete. Choice D, 'AB,' is essentially the same genotype as the organism and is a possible combination in the gametes.

2. What type of bond links amino acids together to form proteins?

• A. Hydrogen bond
• B. Ionic bond
• C. Disulfide bond
• D. Covalent bond

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Amino acids are linked together by covalent bonds to form proteins. Specifically, the bond that links amino acids together is called a peptide bond, which is a type of covalent bond. The peptide bond forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. While hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bonds are important for protein structure and stability, the primary bond responsible for linking amino acids in a protein chain is the covalent peptide bond. Hydrogen bonds are involved in maintaining the secondary structure of proteins, such as alpha helices and beta sheets. Ionic bonds and disulfide bonds contribute to tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins by stabilizing interactions between different parts of the protein or between different protein subunits, respectively.

3. What are the three types of muscle tissues?

• A. Cardiac, smooth, epithelial
• B. Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• C. Cardiac, smooth, connective
• D. Skeletal, epithelial, connective

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Skeletal muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement, cardiac muscle tissue is found in the heart and is responsible for involuntary heart contractions, and smooth muscle tissue is located in organs and is responsible for involuntary movements. Therefore, the three types of muscle tissues are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they include types of tissues that are not classified as muscle tissues. Epithelial and connective tissues are different types of tissues that serve other functions in the body, not related to muscle contractions.

4. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

• A. Mouth
• B. Stomach
• C. Small intestine
• D. Large intestine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. The small intestine is where the final stages of digestion take place, and it is specialized for absorption with its large surface area and villi that increase nutrient absorption efficiency. The mouth is responsible for mechanical digestion through chewing, the stomach primarily aids in digestion through mixing and breakdown of food, and the large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, with minimal nutrient absorption.

5. Which system's primary function is protection, sensory reception, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, insulation, and vitamin D absorption?

• A. Nervous system
• B. Integumentary system
• C. Endocrine system
• D. Digestive system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Integumentary system (Option B). The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands, serves various functions such as providing protection against external factors, sensory reception, regulating body temperature (thermoregulation), maintaining water balance (osmoregulation), insulating the body, and absorbing vitamin D from sunlight. The nervous system (Option A) is responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body. The endocrine system (Option C) produces and secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions. The digestive system (Option D) is involved in breaking down food for nutrient absorption. Therefore, the primary functions described in the question align with those of the integumentary system, making it the correct choice.

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