Nursing Elites

1. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

• A. Time
• B. Dog weight
• C. Dog species
• D. Dog food type

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effects on the dependent variable. In this experiment, the researcher is likely changing the type of dog food, and this manipulation is what impacts the outcome being measured. Therefore, 'Dog food type' is the independent variable. Choices A, B, and C do not represent the variable being intentionally changed by the researcher, making them dependent variables or other factors not directly controlled or manipulated in this experiment.

2. What is the term for a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a specific temperature and pressure?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Dilute solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A saturated solution is defined as a solution that has dissolved the maximum amount of solute possible at a specific temperature and pressure. In a saturated solution, any additional solute added will not dissolve, resulting in a visible precipitate. Choice B, unsaturated solution, refers to a solution where more solute can still be dissolved. Choices C and D, dilute solution and concentrated solution, do not specifically refer to the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved at a given temperature and pressure, making them incorrect in this context.

3. Which of the following are functions of the urinary system?

• A. I, II, and III
• B. II and III
• C. II, III, and IV
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The corrected answer is D, 'All of the above.' The urinary system performs multiple essential functions to maintain the body's internal environment. Synthesizing calcitriol and secreting erythropoietin are crucial roles of the kidneys. Regulating the concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and other ions helps in maintaining the electrolyte balance. Reabsorbing or secreting hydrogen ions and bicarbonate is vital for managing the body's acid-base balance. Furthermore, the urinary system is involved in detecting reductions in blood volume and pressure, aiding in the maintenance of blood pressure levels and fluid balance in the body.

4. What is the oxidation state of carbon in CH4?

• A. +1
• B. -1
• C. +2
• D. -4

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In CH4 (methane), carbon is bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1. Since the overall charge of CH4 is 0, the oxidation state of carbon must be -4 to balance the charges. Each hydrogen contributes an oxidation state of +1, resulting in a total of +4 from hydrogen atoms. To achieve a total oxidation state of 0 for the molecule, carbon must have an oxidation state of -4 to offset the contribution from hydrogen. Therefore, the correct answer is -4. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect: +1 is the oxidation state of hydrogen, -1 is not the oxidation state of carbon in methane, and +2 is not the correct oxidation state of carbon in CH4.

5. Which of the following terms refers to a muscle that lengthens while another muscle contracts to produce movement?

• A. Synergist
• B. Agonist
• C. Antagonist
• D. Flexor

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Antagonist.' An antagonist muscle is a muscle that lengthens while another muscle (agonist) contracts to produce movement. The antagonist muscle relaxes to allow the agonist muscle to contract effectively. In this scenario, the antagonist muscle works in opposition to the agonist muscle, providing control and precision to movement. The other choices are incorrect because a synergist muscle assists the agonist muscle in performing a movement, an agonist muscle is the primary muscle responsible for generating movement, and a flexor muscle is a muscle that decreases the angle at a joint.

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