Nursing Elites

1. How should a researcher test the hypothesis that a particular species of bird vocalizes most in the hours around dawn?

• A. Observe a flock of the birds in captivity and record them at two-hour intervals from predawn until sunset for a month.
• B. Observe a flock of the birds in the wild and record them at one-hour intervals from predawn until sunset in several seasons.
• C. Observe a flock of the birds in the wild and record them in predawn and postdawn hours every day for six months.
• D. Observe a flock of the birds in the wild, record them at one-hour intervals for a month, and compare that recording to recordings of other species.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Observing a flock of the birds in the wild and recording them in predawn and postdawn hours every day for six months would be the best way to test the hypothesis that a particular species of bird vocalizes most in the hours around dawn. This method allows for consistent monitoring of the birds during specific times of interest over an extended period, providing a comprehensive dataset to accurately analyze the vocalization patterns. Options A and B do not focus specifically on dawn hours, making them less suitable for testing the hypothesis. Option D introduces a comparison with other species, which is unnecessary and distracts from the main objective of studying the vocalization pattern of the particular bird species around dawn.

2. If both parents have polydactylism, what percentage of their offspring is predicted to manifest the anomaly?

• A. 25%
• B. 50%
• C. 75%
• D. 100%

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When both parents have polydactylism, they each possess at least one dominant allele for polydactylism. Through a Punnett square analysis, it can be determined that 50% of their offspring will inherit the dominant allele from both parents. This results in a 100% chance of manifesting the anomaly (2 out of 4 possibilities). Therefore, 50% of the offspring are predicted to manifest the anomaly. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the principles of Mendelian genetics and Punnett square analysis.

3. What is the correct order of the hierarchy of levels in the biological classification of organisms?

• A. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
• B. Phylum, kingdom, class, order, family, genus, and species
• C. Order, phylum, class, kingdom, family, genus, and species
• D. Kingdom, phylum, order, class, family, genus, and species

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct order of the hierarchy of levels in the biological classification of organisms is Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. This order is based on the Linnaean system of classification, with each level representing a progressively more specific grouping of organisms. Choice B is incorrect because it starts with Phylum instead of Kingdom. Choice C is incorrect as it places Order before Phylum. Choice D is incorrect because it does not follow the correct order of the biological classification hierarchy.

4. When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will be like the _ allele.

• A. Dominant
• B. Recessive
• C. Both
• D. Neither

Correct answer: A

Rationale: When the genotype consists of a dominant and a recessive allele, the phenotype will be like the dominant allele. This is because dominant alleles typically mask the expression of recessive alleles. Therefore, the dominant allele will be expressed in the phenotype in most basic cases. The recessive allele will only be expressed phenotypically if the individual is homozygous recessive. Choice B, 'Recessive,' is incorrect because the phenotype will not be like the recessive allele in this case. Choice C, 'Both,' is incorrect because in simple dominant-recessive inheritance, the dominant allele will overshadow the recessive allele. Choice D, 'Neither,' is incorrect as the phenotype will resemble the dominant allele.

5. Phenotype refers to the _ of an individual.

• A. Genetic makeup
• B. Actual physical appearance
• C. Recessive alleles
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Phenotype refers to the actual physical appearance and characteristics of an individual, which are determined by the interaction of both genetic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors. It includes visible traits such as height, eye color, and hair type. Choice A, genetic makeup, refers to the genotype, which is the genetic constitution of an organism. Choice C, recessive alleles, is a specific type of gene variant and does not encompass the entire concept of phenotype. Choice D, none of the above, is incorrect as phenotype does refer to the actual physical appearance of an individual.

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