Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following quantities do catalysts alter to control the rate of a chemical reaction?

• A. Substrate energy
• B. Activation energy
• C. Inhibitor energy
• D. Promoter energy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Activation energy. Catalysts function by reducing the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to proceed. By lowering the activation energy, catalysts facilitate the reaction without being consumed themselves. Substrate energy, inhibitors, and promoters are not directly altered by catalysts in the same way activation energy is. Substrate energy refers to the energy of the reactants, which is not altered by catalysts. Inhibitors increase the activation energy required for a reaction, while promoters enhance the effectiveness of a catalyst but do not represent a quantity altered by catalysts.

2. Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis?

• A. Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient
• B. Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
• C. Movement of water and solutes together
• D. Movement of large molecules through a membrane

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Osmosis is the process where water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Choice A is incorrect because osmosis does not involve movement against the concentration gradient. Choice C is incorrect because osmosis primarily involves the movement of water, not water and solutes together. Choice D is incorrect as osmosis specifically refers to the movement of water molecules, not large molecules, through a membrane.

3. Two nursing students will be completing a scientific experiment measuring the mass of chewed gum after one-minute chewing increments. Which lab equipment will the students most likely use?

• A. Triple beam balance
• B. Anemometer
• C. Hot plate
• D. Microscope

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Triple beam balance. A triple beam balance is the most suitable lab equipment for measuring mass accurately, which is necessary for this experiment. An anemometer measures wind speed, a hot plate is used for heating substances, and a microscope is used for magnifying objects, none of which are relevant to measuring the mass of chewed gum.

4. What macromolecules are formed from amino acids, and what are their roles?

• A. Lipids; store energy
• B. Carbohydrates; provide energy
• C. Proteins; perform various functions like catalysis, transport, and structural support
• D. Nucleic acids; store genetic information

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Proteins are macromolecules formed from amino acids and have diverse roles, such as serving as enzymes, transport molecules, and providing structural support. They are essential for catalysis, cellular communication, immune response, and many other functions in living organisms. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. Lipids are not formed from amino acids but from fatty acids and glycerol, mainly serving as energy storage molecules. Carbohydrates are composed of sugars and provide energy to the body. Nucleic acids, like DNA and RNA, are made up of nucleotides and store genetic information in cells.

5. What pigment is responsible for the yellow color of bananas?

• A. Potassium
• B. Calcium
• C. Phosphorus
• D. Carotene

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Carotene is the pigment responsible for the yellow color of bananas. It belongs to a group of plant pigments called carotenoids, which are responsible for giving fruits and vegetables their vibrant colors, including the yellow hue of bananas. Potassium, calcium, and phosphorus are essential minerals found in bananas but are not responsible for their yellow color.

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