Nursing Elites

1. Dysentery is an infectious disease caused by which type of microbe?

• A. Helminth
• B. Bacteria
• C. Protozoan
• D. Fungus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bacteria. Dysentery is typically caused by bacterial infections, such as Shigella, Campylobacter, or Escherichia coli. While parasites and protozoa can also cause similar symptoms, bacterial infections are the most common causes of dysentery. Choice A (Helminth) is incorrect as helminths are parasitic worms that typically cause different types of infections. Choice C (Protozoan) is incorrect as some protozoa like Entamoeba histolytica can cause dysentery, but bacterial infections are more common. Choice D (Fungus) is incorrect as fungal infections do not typically cause dysentery.

2. A child complains of heavy breathing even when relaxing. They are an otherwise healthy child with no history of respiratory problems. What might be the issue?

• A. Asthma
• B. Blood clot
• C. Hyperventilation
• D. Exercising too hard

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, where a child complains of heavy breathing even when relaxing and has no history of respiratory problems, the most likely issue is hyperventilation. Hyperventilation is an abnormal breathing pattern where a person breathes in excess of the body's requirements. It can be triggered by stress, anxiety, panic attacks, or lower-than-normal carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Unlike asthma, a blood clot, or exercising too hard, hyperventilation fits the symptoms described and is more common in individuals without a history of respiratory problems.

3. How does the acceleration of an object change if the force acting on it is doubled?

• A. Acceleration is halved
• B. Acceleration doubles
• C. Acceleration remains unchanged
• D. Acceleration quadruples

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Newton's second law of motion, acceleration is directly proportional to the force acting on an object. When the force acting on an object is doubled, the acceleration of the object will also double. This relationship is described by the formula F = ma, where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration. Therefore, an increase in force will result in a proportional increase in acceleration. Choice A is incorrect because acceleration does not halve but doubles when force doubles. Choice C is incorrect as acceleration changes in direct proportion to force. Choice D is incorrect as acceleration does not quadruple but doubles when force doubles.

4. How many chromosomes must a normal human sperm cell contain?

• A. An X chromosome.
• B. A Y chromosome.
• C. 23 chromosomes.
• D. Both an X and Y chromosome.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A normal human sperm cell contains a total of 23 chromosomes, half the number found in a typical human cell which has 46 chromosomes. This includes 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome, which can be either an X or a Y chromosome. Therefore, the correct answer is that a normal human sperm cell must contain 23 chromosomes. Choices A and B are incorrect because a single sex chromosome alone does not represent the total number of chromosomes in a sperm cell. Choice D is incorrect because a sperm cell carries only one sex chromosome, either X or Y, not both.

5. In a covalent bond, the shared electrons:

• A. Are completely transferred to one atom.
• B. Spend more time closer to the more electronegative atom.
• C. Remain equidistant between the two atoms.
• D. Do not influence the bond strength.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In a covalent bond, the shared electrons spend more time closer to the more electronegative atom. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond. The more electronegative atom exerts a stronger pull on the shared electrons, causing them to be closer to that atom. Choice A is incorrect because in a covalent bond, electrons are shared, not completely transferred. Choice C is incorrect as the shared electrons are not equidistant but are closer to one atom due to electronegativity differences. Choice D is incorrect because shared electrons play a significant role in determining the bond strength by the strength of the bond formed through electron sharing.

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