Nursing Elites

1. What is the scientific term for a broken bone?

• A. Osteoporosis
• B. Fracture
• C. Sprain
• D. Dislocation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The scientific term for a broken bone is a fracture. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, not a broken bone. A sprain involves an injury to a ligament, not a bone. Dislocation occurs when the ends of bones are forced out of their normal positions at a joint, which is different from a fracture.

2. What scientific term encompasses a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence?

• A. Trait
• B. Mutation
• C. Allele
• D. Variation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A) Trait: A trait is a characteristic or feature of an organism that is determined by its genes. B) Mutation: A mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that can result from errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens, or other factors. C) Allele: An allele is a variant form of a gene that can result in different traits or characteristics. D) Variation: Variation refers to the differences in traits or characteristics among individuals of the same species, which can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. In this context, the term that specifically refers to a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence is "mutation."

3. Which of the following units is used to express concentration as a mass of solute per unit volume of solution?

• A. Molality (m)
• B. Molarity (M)
• C. Weight percent (%)
• D. Parts per million (ppm)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Molality (m) is the unit used to express concentration as a mass of solute per unit volume of solution. It is calculated by dividing the mass of solute in grams by the mass of the solvent in kilograms. Molality is preferred over molarity when there are large temperature variations as it is temperature-independent, making it a more accurate measure of concentration. Molarity (B) is the unit used to express concentration as moles of solute per liter of solution, weight percent (C) is the mass of solute per 100 parts of the total mass of the solution, and parts per million (D) is used to express very small concentrations where 1 ppm is equivalent to 1 mg of solute per liter of solution.

4. What is the principle behind optical fibers used in communication?

• A. Reflection of light within the fiber
• B. Refraction of light due to different densities within the fiber
• C. Total internal reflection guiding light through the fiber core
• D. Diffraction of light around bends in the fiber

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Optical fibers used in communication rely on the principle of total internal reflection guiding light through the fiber core. Total internal reflection occurs when light traveling through the core of the fiber is reflected back into the core due to the higher refractive index of the core compared to the cladding. This reflection ensures that the light remains confined within the core and propagates along the fiber without significant loss, allowing for efficient transmission of signals over long distances in optical communication systems. Choice A is incorrect because optical fibers do not primarily rely on simple reflection; instead, they utilize total internal reflection to guide light. Choice B is incorrect as the primary principle is not the refraction of light due to different densities within the fiber, but rather total internal reflection. Choice D is incorrect as diffraction is not the main principle behind optical fibers, which mainly rely on total internal reflection to guide light through the fiber core.

5. Which of the following structures is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses in the nervous system?

• A. Neuron
• B. Axon
• C. Myelin
• D. Dendrite

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Neuron. Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses in the nervous system. While the axon is the part responsible for conducting these impulses over long distances, it is the neuron as a whole that is ultimately responsible for transmitting electrical impulses. Myelin is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates axons, speeding up signal transmission. Dendrites, on the other hand, receive signals from other neurons. Therefore, although the axon plays a significant role in transmission, the neuron is the fundamental unit responsible for transmitting electrical impulses in the nervous system.

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