Nursing Elites

1. What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help the kidneys regulate?

• A. Acid-base balance
• B. Blood pressure
• C. Urine output by controlling water reabsorption
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps the kidneys regulate urine output by controlling water reabsorption. ADH acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water, leading to a decrease in urine output. This helps the body conserve water and maintain proper fluid balance. ADH primarily affects urine output by controlling water reabsorption and does not directly regulate acid-base balance or blood pressure. Therefore, choices A and B are incorrect because ADH does not directly influence acid-base balance or blood pressure.

2. Which type of nutrient requires the most complex and lengthy digestion process?

• A. Carbohydrates
• B. Proteins
• C. Fats
• D. Vitamins

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Proteins require the most complex and lengthy digestion process compared to the other nutrient types provided. When proteins are consumed, they undergo a process where they need to be broken down into amino acids, which are essential building blocks of proteins. This intricate digestion process begins in the stomach aided by stomach acid and enzymes, proceeds to the small intestine where further enzymes break down proteins into amino acids, and concludes with the absorption of these amino acids into the bloodstream for various bodily functions. Carbohydrates and fats also require digestion, but the process for breaking down proteins into amino acids is notably more intricate and time-consuming. In contrast, vitamins do not require digestion in the same manner as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats because they are already in a form that can be readily absorbed by the body.

3. Which of the following choices would contain the code for making a protein?

• A. mRNA
• B. tRNA
• C. rRNA
• D. DNA polymerase

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: mRNA (messenger RNA). mRNA contains the genetic code or instructions for making a protein. During protein synthesis, mRNA carries the genetic information from DNA in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. The sequence of nucleotides in mRNA corresponds to the sequence of amino acids that will be used to build the protein. Choice B, tRNA (transfer RNA), is involved in carrying amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis but does not contain the code for making a protein. Choice C, rRNA (ribosomal RNA), is a component of ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs but does not contain the specific code for making a protein. Choice D, DNA polymerase, is an enzyme involved in DNA replication, not in directly coding for protein synthesis.

4. Microfilaments and microtubules are both components of the cytoskeleton, but they have different functions. Which of these describes microfilaments?

• A. Provide structural support and shape
• B. Facilitate cell movement and contraction
• C. Form the mitotic spindle during cell division
• D. Transport materials within the cell

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Microfilaments are thin, solid rods made of the protein actin and are primarily responsible for providing structural support to the cell and determining its shape. While they also play a role in cell movement, their main function is related to maintaining the structural integrity of the cell. Choice B, 'Facilitate cell movement and contraction,' describes microtubules, which are responsible for facilitating cell movement, providing structural support, and aiding in cell division. Choice C, 'Form the mitotic spindle during cell division,' specifically refers to the function of microtubules in forming the mitotic spindle. Choice D, 'Transport materials within the cell,' is characteristic of microtubules that are involved in intracellular transport of organelles and materials within the cell.

5. What are the three main types of RNA?

• A. Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA)
• B. DNA, RNA, and protein
• C. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
• D. Deoxyribose, ribose, and phosphate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. - Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a structural component of ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. - Transfer RNA (tRNA) is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Options B, C, and D are incorrect: - Option B lists DNA, RNA, and protein, which are biomolecules but not the three main types of RNA. - Option C lists nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) found in DNA, not types of RNA. - Option D lists components of nucleotides (deoxyribose, ribose, and phosphate), which are building blocks of nucleic

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