Nursing Elites

1. If a doctor diagnoses a patient with an impaired posterior pituitary gland, which of the following symptoms related to kidney function does the patient display?

• A. Thirst
• B. Tiredness
• C. Weight gain
• D. Concentrated urine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When the posterior pituitary gland is impaired, there is decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH plays a crucial role in regulating water reabsorption by the kidneys. A deficiency of ADH leads to the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine, resulting in the production of dilute urine. Therefore, 'Concentrated urine' is the correct symptom associated with impaired posterior pituitary gland. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Thirst is more commonly associated with diabetes insipidus, tiredness could be a general symptom but not specifically related to kidney function, and weight gain is not a typical symptom of impaired posterior pituitary gland affecting kidney function.

2. Which of the following organelles is responsible for food and water storage in the cell?

• A. Centriole
• B. Lysosome
• C. Ribosome
• D. Vacuole

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Vacuole. Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles responsible for the storage of various substances such as food, water, and waste in a cell. They help maintain the cell's turgidity and regulate the movement of substances within the cell. Choice A, Centriole, is involved in cell division and organization of microtubules but not food and water storage. Choice B, Lysosome, contains digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste material and foreign invaders. Choice C, Ribosome, is involved in protein synthesis rather than storage of food and water.

3. Which part of the nervous system controls the 'fight or flight' response?

• A. Central nervous system
• B. Peripheral nervous system
• C. Autonomic nervous system
• D. Sympathetic nervous system

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the sympathetic nervous system. It controls the 'fight or flight' response by preparing the body for stressful situations. The central nervous system (Choice A) consists of the brain and spinal cord but does not directly control the 'fight or flight' response. The peripheral nervous system (Choice B) includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, while the autonomic nervous system (Choice C) regulates involuntary bodily functions but is not specific to the 'fight or flight' response.

4. What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 4.0 grams of NaCl into enough water to make 120 mL of solution? The atomic mass of Na is 23.0 g/mol, and Cl is 35.5 g/mol.

• A. 0.34 M
• B. 0.57 M
• C. 0.034 M
• D. 0.057 M

Correct answer: B

Rationale: To find the molarity, first calculate the moles of NaCl. Moles of NaCl = 4.0 g / (23.0 g/mol + 35.5 g/mol) = 0.068 mol. Next, use the formula for molarity: Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution. Molarity = 0.068 mol / 0.120 L = 0.57 M. Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.57 M. Choice A, 0.34 M, is incorrect as it does not match the calculated molarity. Choice C, 0.034 M, is incorrect as it is a decimal point off from the correct molarity. Choice D, 0.057 M, is incorrect as it does not match the calculated molarity of 0.57 M.

5. What causes varicose veins to occur?

• A. Atherosclerosis.
• B. Incompetent valves.
• C. Loss of skin turgor.
• D. Loss of blood vessel elasticity.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Varicose veins occur when the valves within the veins become incompetent, leading to blood pooling in the veins instead of being efficiently pumped back to the heart. This causes the veins to become enlarged, twisted, and visible under the skin. Factors such as genetics, aging, pregnancy, and prolonged standing or sitting can contribute to the development of incompetent valves and the resulting varicose veins. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in arteries, not veins, and does not directly cause varicose veins. Loss of skin turgor is related to skin elasticity and not a direct cause of varicose veins. Loss of blood vessel elasticity is a general term and does not specifically address the mechanism behind varicose veins, which is primarily due to incompetent valves.

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