Nursing Elites

1. Why might certain young people be underweight?

• A. They are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight.
• B. They eat little protein and too much fat and sugar.
• C. They eat several meals a day and fail to exercise enough.
• D. They seldom eat a meal that contains foods from all food groups.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Certain young people might be underweight because they are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight. During periods of rapid growth, the body's energy requirements are primarily directed towards height growth rather than weight gain, resulting in some individuals being underweight despite consuming sufficient calories. Choice B is incorrect because the question focuses on reasons related to growth rather than diet composition. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests overeating rather than the specific growth-related issue of height surpassing weight gain. Choice D is incorrect as it addresses nutritional variety rather than the growth dynamics affecting weight.

2. What is the role of the mitochondria in the cell?

• A. Protein synthesis
• B. Energy production
• C. Breaking down waste
• D. Cell division

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Energy production. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell because they generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the process of cellular respiration. ATP is a molecule that stores and releases energy, providing the cell with the necessary energy for various activities and functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Protein synthesis primarily occurs in the ribosomes, breaking down waste is mainly carried out by lysosomes, and cell division is orchestrated by the nucleus and other organelles like the centrioles.

3. When the pulmonary valve and aortic valves are open, where can blood flow?

• A. Between the two ventricles of the heart
• B. From atrium to ventricle within the heart
• C. Between the heart and the rest of the body
• D. Between the atria in the heart

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When the pulmonary valve and aortic valves are open, blood can flow between the heart and the rest of the body. The pulmonary valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation, while the aortic valve permits blood to flow from the left ventricle to the rest of the body for distribution of oxygen and nutrients. This circulation pathway ensures that oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the body tissues. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because when the pulmonary valve and aortic valves are open, blood is not flowing between the ventricles, from atrium to ventricle, or between the atria; instead, it is being pumped out of the heart to the lungs and the rest of the body.

4. How does a transverse section divide the body?

• A. Into right and left regions
• B. Into upper and lower regions
• C. Into front and back regions
• D. Between the dorsal and ventral cavities

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A transverse section, also known as a cross-section, divides the body into upper and lower regions. This type of section cuts across the body horizontally, creating a division between the superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions of the body. Choice A is incorrect as dividing the body into right and left regions is typically done by a sagittal section. Choice C is incorrect as dividing the body into front and back regions is usually achieved by a frontal section. Choice D is incorrect as it refers more to the relationship between dorsal and ventral cavities rather than the actual division of the body.

5. What condition might result from a lack of vitamin C?

• A. Kwashiorkor
• B. Pellagra
• C. Rickets
• D. Scurvy

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Scurvy is the correct answer. Scurvy is a condition caused by a deficiency of vitamin C in the diet. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, and its deficiency leads to symptoms such as weakness, swollen and bleeding gums, joint pain, fatigue, and easy bruising. If left untreated, scurvy can lead to more severe complications. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Kwashiorkor is a severe form of malnutrition due to insufficient protein intake, pellagra is caused by a deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3), and rickets results from a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate.

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