Nursing Elites

1. Why might certain young people be underweight?

• A. They are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight.
• B. They eat little protein and too much fat and sugar.
• C. They eat several meals a day and fail to exercise enough.
• D. They seldom eat a meal that contains foods from all food groups.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Certain young people might be underweight because they are growing in height faster than they are gaining weight. During periods of rapid growth, the body's energy requirements are primarily directed towards height growth rather than weight gain, resulting in some individuals being underweight despite consuming sufficient calories. Choice B is incorrect because the question focuses on reasons related to growth rather than diet composition. Choice C is incorrect as it suggests overeating rather than the specific growth-related issue of height surpassing weight gain. Choice D is incorrect as it addresses nutritional variety rather than the growth dynamics affecting weight.

2. What is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?

• A. dermis
• B. epidermis
• C. subcutaneous tissue
• D. hypodermis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The epidermis is the correct answer as it is the outermost layer of the skin. It acts as a protective barrier against environmental factors and helps in regulating moisture balance. The epidermis is also where new skin cells are continuously formed and contains melanocytes responsible for skin pigmentation. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The dermis is the layer beneath the epidermis, the subcutaneous tissue is the deepest layer of the skin, and the hypodermis lies below the dermis.

3. Which hormone is released by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Cortisol
• D. Somatostatin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Insulin is the hormone released by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells, helping to decrease blood glucose levels and store excess glucose for energy or future use. Glucagon, on the other hand, raises blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Cortisol and somatostatin do not directly regulate blood glucose levels in the same manner as insulin and glucagon.

4. When are gallstones most problematic?

• A. When they block a duct
• B. When they contain cholesterol
• C. When they contain bilirubin
• D. When they begin to dissolve

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Gallstones become most problematic when they block a duct, such as the bile duct or cystic duct. This blockage can lead to various complications, including inflammation, infection, and even damage to the gallbladder or liver. In severe cases, a blocked duct can cause intense pain, jaundice, and other serious symptoms that require medical intervention. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the presence of cholesterol or bilirubin in gallstones or the process of dissolution do not necessarily indicate when gallstones become most problematic. The critical issue arises when the stones obstruct a duct, leading to complications.

5. Which muscle is involved in the flexion of the forearm?

• A. Biceps brachii
• B. Triceps brachii
• C. Deltoid
• D. Brachialis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The biceps brachii muscle is the primary muscle responsible for flexing the forearm at the elbow joint. When the biceps brachii contracts, it causes the forearm to move towards the upper arm, resulting in flexion at the elbow. In contrast, the triceps brachii is responsible for extending the forearm, the deltoid muscle is primarily involved in shoulder movements, and the brachialis muscle also aids in flexion of the forearm but to a lesser extent compared to the biceps brachii.

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