Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is not part of the axial skeletal system?

• A. the skull
• B. the ribs
• C. the breastbone
• D. the radius

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the radius. The axial skeleton comprises bones located along the central axis of the body. It includes the skull, ribs, breastbone (sternum), vertebrae, and sacrum. The radius, on the other hand, is a bone of the forearm, part of the appendicular skeleton. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and their girdles, not the central axial bones.

2. Which type of joint is found in the knee?

• A. Ball and socket joint
• B. Hinge joint
• C. Pivot joint
• D. Saddle joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is a hinge joint. The knee is a hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension movements, enabling the leg to bend and straighten. This type of joint is designed for movement along one plane, similar to a door hinge. Choice A, ball and socket joint, is incorrect as this type of joint allows for a wider range of motion in multiple directions, unlike the knee joint. Choice C, pivot joint, and Choice D, saddle joint, are also incorrect as they do not accurately describe the type of joint found in the knee.

3. Which hormone initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy?

• A. FSH
• B. Estrogen
• C. LH
• D. Progesterone

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Progesterone initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy. It promotes the growth of blood vessels and glands in the endometrial lining, making it conducive for implantation and supporting early pregnancy. While estrogen helps in thickening the endometrium, it is progesterone that plays a crucial role in preparing it for pregnancy. FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) is involved in stimulating ovarian follicles, not directly in preparing the endometrium. LH (Luteinizing hormone) triggers ovulation but does not primarily prepare the endometrium for pregnancy.

4. What is the primary function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

• A. To secrete digestive enzymes
• B. To absorb nutrients
• C. To break down food
• D. To absorb water

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To absorb nutrients. The small intestine's main role in the digestive system is to absorb nutrients from digested food. It has specialized structures, such as villi and microvilli, that increase its surface area for efficient absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream. Choice A is incorrect because the small intestine does not primarily secrete digestive enzymes; that role is mainly carried out by the pancreas and other digestive organs. Choice C is incorrect because the small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients rather than breaking down food. Choice D is incorrect because the absorption of water primarily occurs in the large intestine, not the small intestine.

5. Which of the following is not part of the body’s secondary defense system?

• A. Macrophages
• B. Leukocytes
• C. T cells
• D. Cilia

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cilia are not part of the body's secondary defense system. They are hair-like structures primarily involved in movement and transporting substances across cell surfaces, such as in the respiratory tract for debris and pathogen removal. However, cilia do not play a direct role in the immune response mechanisms characteristic of the body's secondary defense system. Macrophages, leukocytes, and T cells are immune cells that actively participate in the secondary defense system by targeting and eliminating pathogens.

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