Nursing Elites

1. Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight?

• A. Vitamin A
• B. Vitamin C
• C. Vitamin D
• D. Vitamin E

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight. When the skin is exposed to sunlight, a form of cholesterol in the skin is converted into vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) through a series of chemical reactions. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone health. Choice A, Vitamin A, is not synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight; it is obtained through dietary sources. Choice B, Vitamin C, is not synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight either. Vitamin C is obtained through dietary sources like fruits and vegetables. Choice D, Vitamin E, is not synthesized in the skin upon exposure to sunlight. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant and is obtained through dietary sources like nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.

2. In experimental design, which variable is measured as a possible effect and is plotted on the y-axis?

• A. Independent, x
• B. Independent, y
• C. Dependent, x
• D. Dependent, y

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Dependent, y.' In experimental design, the dependent variable is the outcome that is being measured or observed as a result of changes in the independent variable. It is typically plotted on the y-axis of a graph to represent the effect or response to the changes in the independent variable. Choice A 'Independent, x' is incorrect because the independent variable is the variable manipulated by the experimenter and is usually plotted on the x-axis. Choice B 'Independent, y' is incorrect as the independent variable is not plotted on the y-axis. Choice C 'Dependent, x' is incorrect because the dependent variable is not typically plotted on the x-axis in experimental design.

3. Which of the following are the reproductive cells produced by meiosis?

• A. Genes
• B. Alleles
• C. Chromatids
• D. Gametes

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Gametes are the reproductive cells produced by meiosis. Meiosis is the cell division process that results in the formation of gametes, which are sperm cells in males and egg cells in females. Genes (A), alleles (B), and chromatids (C) are not the reproductive cells produced by meiosis. Genes are units of heredity, alleles are different forms of a gene, and chromatids are duplicated chromosomes involved in cell division.

4. Which organ is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the body?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Liver
• C. Heart
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Liver. The liver is the organ responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the body. It accomplishes this by metabolizing drugs and filtering blood. The liver plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health by processing and eliminating toxins. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The kidneys primarily filter blood to remove waste and excess substances, the heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, and the pancreas aids in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels, but none of these organs are primarily responsible for detoxification.

5. What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood?

• A. Nephron
• B. Ureter
• C. Urethra
• D. Bladder

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The nephron is the correct answer. It is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood. The nephron consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule) and a renal tubule. Within the nephron, blood is filtered to form urine, which is then carried to the ureter for excretion from the body. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the ureter, urethra, and bladder are not involved in the filtration of blood in the kidney. Instead, they are parts of the urinary system responsible for transporting and storing urine.

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