Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following best describes eosinophils?

• A. A type of granulocyte that secretes histamine to stimulate the inflammatory response.
• B. The most abundant type of white blood cell that secretes substances toxic to pathogens.
• C. A type of granulocyte found under mucous membranes that defends against multicellular parasites.
• D. A circulating granulocyte with high phagocytic activity and aggressiveness.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Eosinophils are best described as a type of granulocyte found under mucous membranes that defends against multicellular parasites. They release toxic substances to combat parasitic infections and play a significant role in allergic reactions and asthma. Histamine secretion to stimulate inflammation is more characteristic of basophils, while high phagocytic activity and aggressiveness are features of neutrophils, not eosinophils. Describing eosinophils as the most abundant type of white blood cell that secretes toxic substances to pathogens is inaccurate since eosinophils specifically target multicellular parasites, not a broad range of pathogens.

2. Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

• A. Handwashing with soap and water
• B. Proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
• C. Disinfecting and reusing sterile medical devices
• D. Using single-use sterile medical devices

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Disinfecting and reusing sterile medical devices is not a recommended method for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Reusing sterile medical devices can increase the risk of infections due to inadequate sterilization or potential damage to the devices during the reprocessing process. Proper sterilization and disposal of single-use medical devices are essential in preventing the transmission of infections in healthcare settings. A) Handwashing with soap and water is a crucial method for preventing HAIs as it helps to remove and reduce the number of pathogens on the hands of healthcare workers, preventing the spread of infections. B) Proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection is important in preventing the transmission of infections between patients and healthcare workers. C) Disinfecting and reusing sterile medical devices is not a recommended practice as it can lead to the transmission of infections if the devices are not adequately sterilized. Using single-use sterile medical devices helps to ensure that each patient receives a sterile device, reducing the risk of infections.

3. Which of the following substances is typically a good conductor of electricity when dissolved in water?

• A. Sugar
• B. Sodium chloride
• C. Olive oil
• D. Oxygen gas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Sodium chloride (table salt) is typically a good conductor of electricity when dissolved in water because it dissociates into ions (sodium cations and chloride anions) that can carry an electric current. Sugar (choice A), olive oil (choice C), and oxygen gas (choice D) do not dissociate into ions in water and therefore are not good conductors of electricity. Sugar does not dissociate into ions in water, so it cannot conduct electricity. Olive oil and oxygen gas are nonpolar substances and do not ionize in water, making them poor conductors of electricity.

4. Which of the following are the reproductive cells produced by meiosis?

• A. Genes
• B. Alleles
• C. Chromatids
• D. Gametes

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Gametes are the reproductive cells produced by meiosis. Meiosis is the cell division process that results in the formation of gametes, which are sperm cells in males and egg cells in females. Genes (A), alleles (B), and chromatids (C) are not the reproductive cells produced by meiosis. Genes are units of heredity, alleles are different forms of a gene, and chromatids are duplicated chromosomes involved in cell division.

5. Elements tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve stable electron configurations like those of noble gases. Their group number often indicates the number of electrons gained/lost and the resulting ionic charge, providing a good starting point for prediction.

• A. Ionic bonds involve electron sharing, while metallic bonds involve electron transfer.
• B. Ionic bonds are weak and directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional.
• C. Ionic bonds exist between metals and non-metals, while metallic bonds exist only between metals.
• D. Ionic bonds form discrete molecules, while metallic bonds form extended structures.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Ionic bonds typically form between metals and non-metals, where one atom donates electrons (cation) and the other accepts electrons (anion). This results in the transfer of electrons. Metallic bonds, on the other hand, occur between metal atoms where electrons are shared among a sea of delocalized electrons, leading to the characteristic properties of metals like malleability and conductivity. Choice A is incorrect because ionic bonds involve electron transfer, not sharing. Choice B is incorrect as ionic bonds are strong, not weak, and are non-directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional. Choice D is incorrect as ionic bonds do not form discrete molecules but rather a lattice structure, whereas metallic bonds form extended structures.

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