Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following best describes eosinophils?

• A. A type of granulocyte that secretes histamine to stimulate the inflammatory response.
• B. The most abundant type of white blood cell that secretes substances toxic to pathogens.
• C. A type of granulocyte found under mucous membranes that defends against multicellular parasites.
• D. A circulating granulocyte with high phagocytic activity and aggressiveness.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Eosinophils are best described as a type of granulocyte found under mucous membranes that defends against multicellular parasites. They release toxic substances to combat parasitic infections and play a significant role in allergic reactions and asthma. Histamine secretion to stimulate inflammation is more characteristic of basophils, while high phagocytic activity and aggressiveness are features of neutrophils, not eosinophils. Describing eosinophils as the most abundant type of white blood cell that secretes toxic substances to pathogens is inaccurate since eosinophils specifically target multicellular parasites, not a broad range of pathogens.

2. What is the term for the balanced equation that represents a chemical reaction?

• A. Hypothesis
• B. Chemical formula
• C. Balanced equation
• D. Reaction mechanism

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C - 'Balanced equation'. A balanced equation is a representation of a chemical reaction that shows the reactants, products, and their stoichiometric coefficients. It ensures that the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides of the equation, following the law of conservation of mass. Choice A, 'Hypothesis', is incorrect as it refers to a proposed explanation based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Choice B, 'Chemical formula', is incorrect as it represents the composition of a compound using symbols and subscripts. Choice D, 'Reaction mechanism', is incorrect as it describes the step-by-step process by which a chemical reaction occurs, not just the overall representation of the reaction itself.

3. What is the structure that surrounds individual muscle fibers, providing support and aiding in the transmission of force generated during muscle contraction?

• A. Tendon
• B. Endomysium
• C. Perimysium
• D. Epimysium

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The endomysium is the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual muscle fibers, providing support and aiding in the transmission of force generated during muscle contraction. It is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of muscle fibers and facilitating the transmission of force within them. Tendons (option A) connect muscles to bones, perimysium (option C) surrounds bundles of muscle fibers known as fascicles, and epimysium (option D) encases the entire muscle. The endomysium specifically targets the structure that directly supports and aids in force transmission within individual muscle fibers, making it the correct answer in this context.

4. Which skin condition is characterized by patches of inflamed, reddened skin and is often triggered by allergens or stress?

• A. Eczema
• B. Psoriasis
• C. Acne
• D. Vitiligo

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Eczema is the correct answer. It presents as patches of inflamed, reddened skin and can be triggered by allergens, stress, or other factors. Psoriasis, on the other hand, is characterized by red, scaly patches rather than inflamed and reddened skin. Acne manifests as pimples and blemishes, not patches of inflamed skin. Vitiligo is characterized by the loss of skin color in patches, which is distinct from the symptoms described in the question.

5. When a person pushes a box across the floor, which of the following forces is NOT doing work?

• A. The person's pushing force
• B. The normal force from the floor
• C. The gravitational force on the box
• D. The frictional force between the box and the floor

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The normal force from the floor is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the box, so it does not contribute to the work being done. Work is only done by forces acting in the direction of motion of an object. In this case, the normal force is acting at a right angle to the motion, hence it does not perform any work on the box. The person's pushing force, the gravitational force, and the frictional force are all acting in the direction of motion of the box, so they contribute to the work being done in moving the box across the floor.

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