Nursing Elites

1. Which structure in the ear is responsible for maintaining balance?

• A. Cochlea
• B. Semicircular canals
• C. Eardrum
• D. Auditory nerve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the semicircular canals. These structures in the inner ear are responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium by detecting rotational movements of the head. The cochlea is responsible for hearing as it contains the sensory cells for detecting sound vibrations, the eardrum is a membrane that transmits sound waves to the middle ear, and the auditory nerve carries sound signals from the cochlea to the brain for processing. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they are not primarily associated with maintaining balance.

2. The acceleration of a falling object due to gravity has been proven to be 9.8 m/s². A scientist drops a cactus four times and measures the acceleration with an accelerometer and gets the following results: 9.79 m/s², 9.81 m/s², 9.80 m/s², and 9.78 m/s². Which of the following accurately describes the measurements?

• A. They're both accurate and precise.
• B. They're accurate but not precise.
• C. They're precise but not accurate.
• D. They're neither accurate nor precise.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The measurements are both close to the actual value (accurate) and consistent with each other (precise). Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, and precision refers to the reproducibility or consistency of the measurements. In this case, the measured values are all very close to the actual value of 9.8 m/s², indicating accuracy. Additionally, the measurements are clustered closely together, demonstrating precision. Therefore, the measurements are both accurate and precise, making choice A the correct answer. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the measurements exhibit both accuracy and precision, as they are close to the true value and also consistent with each other.

3. Where is the scapula in relation to the olecranon?

• A. Distal
• B. Lateral
• C. Ventral
• D. Superior

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Superior.' The scapula is located superior to the olecranon. In anatomical terms, 'superior' refers to a position above or higher than a reference point. 'Distal' is a term used to describe a position farther away from the point of attachment or origin. 'Lateral' refers to a position further away from the midline of the body. 'Ventral' refers to the front or anterior side of the body. In this case, the scapula being superior to the olecranon means it is positioned above the olecranon bone.

4. Why can optical fibers transmit light signals around bends?

• A. Reflection
• B. Refraction
• C. Diffraction
• D. Polarization

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Optical fibers can transmit light signals around bends primarily due to refraction. Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another, such as from air to glass in an optical fiber. This bending allows the light signals to travel through the fiber even around bends, making optical fibers an efficient means of transmitting light signals over long distances. Reflection (Choice A) occurs when light bounces off a surface, which is not the primary mechanism allowing light to travel around bends in optical fibers. Diffraction (Choice C) refers to the bending of light waves around obstacles or openings, but it is not the main reason light signals can traverse bends in optical fibers. Polarization (Choice D) is the orientation of light waves in a specific plane, but it does not play a significant role in enabling light to navigate bends in optical fibers.

5. The small intestine is where most of the chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur. What is the finger-like projection in the small intestine that increases its surface area for absorption?

• A. Rugae
• B. Villi
• C. Microvilli
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Microvilli are the finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase its surface area for absorption. Villi are also present in the small intestine and help increase the surface area for absorption. However, microvilli are smaller structures found on the surface of villi, further increasing the surface area available for nutrient absorption. Rugae are folds in the stomach that allow for expansion when food is consumed and are not found in the small intestine. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Microvilli. Villi and microvilli are specific to the small intestine, playing vital roles in nutrient absorption, while rugae are specific to the stomach's structure and function, serving a different purpose than increasing surface area for absorption.

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