Nursing Elites

1. Which muscles play a significant role in the process of forced exhalation by contracting to reduce the thoracic cavity volume?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. External intercostal muscles
• C. Internal intercostal muscles
• D. Abdominal muscles

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The abdominal muscles play a significant role in forced exhalation by contracting to reduce the thoracic cavity volume. When these muscles contract, the pressure within the thoracic cavity increases, assisting in the expulsion of air from the lungs. This action helps to compress the abdomen and push the diaphragm upwards, further decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and aiding in the exhalation process. The diaphragm (Choice A) is mainly involved in inhalation by contracting and moving downward to increase thoracic cavity volume. External intercostal muscles (Choice B) and internal intercostal muscles (Choice C) are primarily involved in the process of inhalation by expanding the thoracic cavity during normal breathing, rather than forced exhalation.

2. Electrons occupy specific energy levels around the nucleus, but not in fixed orbits. This concept is captured by the:

• A. Bohr model
• B. Quantum mechanical model
• C. Lewis structure
• D. Octet rule

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is the Quantum mechanical model. Unlike the Bohr model with its defined electron paths, the quantum mechanical model uses probability distributions to describe electron locations within energy levels. Choice A, the Bohr model, describes fixed electron orbits, which is not in line with the concept of electron distribution in energy levels. Choices C and D, Lewis structure and Octet rule respectively, are not related to the description of electron distribution around the nucleus in energy levels, making them incorrect answers.

3. What does potency refer to in regards to cells?

• A. The cell's ability to survive
• B. The cell's ability to move
• C. The cell's ability to divide rapidly
• D. The cell's ability to differentiate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Potency refers to a cell's potential to differentiate into different cell types. It is not related to the cell's ability to survive (Choice A), move (Choice B), or divide rapidly (Choice C). Stem cells, for example, exhibit varying degrees of potency based on their capacity to give rise to various cell types. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it accurately defines the concept of potency in cells.

4. What is the milky-white fluid transported by the lymphatic vessels called?

• A. Plasma
• B. Blood
• C. Chyle
• D. Mucus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The milky-white fluid transported by the lymphatic vessels is called chyle. Chyle is formed in the small intestine during the digestion of fatty foods and contains a mixture of lymph and emulsified fats. Plasma is the liquid component of blood, not lymphatic fluid. Blood refers to the fluid that circulates in the cardiovascular system, not lymphatic fluid. Mucus is a slimy substance secreted by mucous membranes, not the fluid transported by lymphatic vessels.

5. Which property remains constant despite possible changes to the element?

• A. Atomic number
• B. Number of electrons
• C. Atomic mass
• D. Isotopic form

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Atomic number' (A). The atomic number of an element remains constant as it defines the number of protons in the nucleus, which does not change despite various chemical reactions or physical processes affecting the element. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the identity of the element, and this fundamental property remains unchanged even if the element undergoes chemical reactions, forms ions, or changes its physical state. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the number of electrons (B) can change in chemical reactions, atomic mass (C) can vary with isotopes, and isotopic form (D) refers to variations in the number of neutrons in the nucleus, which can result in different isotopes of an element.

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