Nursing Elites

1. Which property describes a substance's resistance to flow?

• A. Density
• B. Viscosity
• C. Conductivity
• D. Reactivity

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Viscosity is the property that describes a substance's resistance to flow. A substance with high viscosity flows slowly, while a substance with low viscosity flows quickly. Density (A) is the measure of mass per unit volume; conductivity (C) is the ability of a material to conduct electricity or heat, and reactivity (D) refers to how readily a substance undergoes chemical reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is B, viscosity, as it directly relates to a substance's resistance to flow.

2. Which blood type is known as the universal donor?

• A. Type A
• B. Type B
• C. Type AB
• D. Type O

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Type O blood is known as the universal donor because it lacks antigens on the surface of red blood cells. This characteristic makes it compatible with all blood types during transfusions. Type A, Type B, and Type AB blood types have specific antigens that can cause adverse reactions if transfused to an incompatible recipient.

3. What is the name of the outermost layer of the skin?

• A. Dermis
• B. Epidermis
• C. Subcutaneous tissue
• D. Hypodermis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Epidermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin, providing a protective barrier against external factors. The dermis is situated beneath the epidermis and contains structures like blood vessels and hair follicles. Subcutaneous tissue, also known as the hypodermis, lies below the dermis and consists mainly of fat tissue, serving functions such as insulation and energy storage. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the outermost layer of the skin.

4. Which hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs?

• A. Growth hormone (GH)
• B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• C. Prolactin
• D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is Growth hormone (GH). GH, produced by the pituitary gland, is responsible for stimulating the growth and development of bones, muscles, and organs. It plays a critical role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence by promoting cell division, protein synthesis, and tissue growth. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) functions to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, while prolactin is involved in milk production. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is primarily responsible for reproductive functions like egg development in females and sperm production in males.

5. Edema, characterized by swelling due to fluid buildup, can be a sign of:

• A. Heart failure
• B. Liver disease
• C. Lymphatic system dysfunction
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Edema is the swelling caused by fluid retention in the body tissues. It can indicate various underlying conditions. Heart failure can lead to fluid buildup due to the heart's ineffective pumping. Liver disease can cause edema by reducing protein production, leading to fluid leakage into tissues. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system can impair fluid drainage, contributing to edema. Therefore, all of the above conditions can manifest with edema, making the correct answer 'All of the above.' Choices A, B, and C are all valid causes of edema, making them incorrect when considered individually. Selecting 'All of the above' encompasses all the possible causes of edema.

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