Nursing Elites

1. Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration, producing ATP for energy?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Golgi apparatus
• D. Vacuole

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they are responsible for cellular respiration, a process that produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy. The other organelles listed, such as the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and vacuole, have distinct functions within the cell and are not directly involved in cellular respiration. The nucleus contains genetic material, the Golgi apparatus is involved in protein processing and packaging, and the vacuole is responsible for storage and maintaining cell turgor pressure.

2. What is the process by which muscle tissue wastes away due to disuse or lack of nutrients?

• A. Hypertrophy
• B. Atrophy
• C. Fibrosis
• D. Rigor mortis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Atrophy is the correct term for the process by which muscle tissue wastes away due to disuse or lack of nutrients. It is essential to differentiate atrophy from hypertrophy, which is the increase in muscle size due to exercise or strength training. Fibrosis involves the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue, which is distinct from muscle wasting. Rigor mortis, on the other hand, is the stiffening of muscles that occurs after death and is not related to muscle wasting during life.

3. Which of the following systems does not include a transportation network throughout the body?

• A. Cardiovascular system
• B. Endocrine system
• C. Immune system
• D. Nervous system

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The endocrine system does not include a transportation network throughout the body. While the cardiovascular system transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients, the immune system has lymphatic vessels for immune cell transportation, and the nervous system transmits signals via neurons. In contrast, the endocrine system coordinates bodily functions by releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then act on target organs or tissues. This delivery mechanism is different from the continuous transportation networks found in the other systems listed, making the endocrine system the correct choice for this question.

4. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in the brain associated with:

• A. Sensory perception
• B. Memory formation
• C. Muscle control
• D. Emotional regulation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in the brain strongly associated with memory formation. It involves the strengthening of synapses between neurons, which is crucial for learning and memory. Sensory perception, muscle control, and emotional regulation are not directly related to LTP. Sensory perception involves the detection and processing of sensory information, muscle control pertains to movement coordination, and emotional regulation refers to the management of emotions, none of which are primarily influenced by LTP.

5. What is the smallest unit that can encode for a trait?

• A. A codon
• B. A gene
• C. A nucleotide
• D. A chromosome

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - a gene. Genes are the smallest units that can encode for a trait as they contain the specific instructions for producing a particular characteristic or protein. While codons are sequences of nucleotides that code for specific amino acids in a protein, they are not the smallest unit that encodes for a trait. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, and chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins, containing many genes.

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