Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following processes breaks down cellular components for recycling or waste removal?

• A. Photosynthesis
• B. Cellular respiration
• C. Cell division
• D. Phagocytosis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Phagocytosis. Phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf and break down cellular components or foreign particles for recycling or waste removal. It is a vital mechanism used by cells to maintain homeostasis and remove waste materials. Photosynthesis (A) is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy to produce food, not for breaking down cellular components. Cellular respiration (B) is the process by which cells generate energy from nutrients, not for waste removal. Cell division (C) is the process by which cells replicate and divide to form new cells during growth, repair, or development, not for breaking down cellular components.

2. What is a monohybrid cross, and what is the ratio of dominant to recessive gene manifestation?

• A. A cross involving two traits, 9:3:3:1
• B. A cross involving one trait, 3:1
• C. A cross involving two traits, 1:2:1
• D. A cross involving one trait, 1:1

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross involving one trait. The ratio of dominant to recessive gene manifestation in the offspring is typically 3:1 when both parents are heterozygous. This ratio is the genotypic ratio, not just the phenotype ratio, where the dominant allele is present in 3 out of 4 offspring, and the recessive allele is present in 1 out of 4 offspring. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a dihybrid cross ratio. Choice C is incorrect as it represents the genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross involving incomplete dominance. Choice D is incorrect as it does not reflect the typical ratio for a monohybrid cross.

3. Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure?

• A. Arteries
• B. Arterioles
• C. Venules
• D. Veins

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Veins have the lowest blood pressure among the listed structures. Blood pressure decreases as blood flows from arteries to arterioles, then to venules, and finally to veins. Veins return blood to the heart under low pressure because they have thinner walls and larger lumens compared to arteries and arterioles. This anatomical difference allows veins to accommodate a greater volume of blood without a significant rise in pressure. Arteries have the highest blood pressure to propel blood away from the heart, followed by arterioles which regulate blood flow to capillaries. Venules collect blood from capillaries and connect to veins, which then carry blood back to the heart at a lower pressure.

4. What is the process by which the body reabsorbs water from the large intestine?

• A. Dehydration
• B. Osmosis
• C. Filtration
• D. Secretion

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Osmosis (Option B) is the correct process by which the body reabsorbs water from the large intestine. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. In the large intestine, water is reabsorbed through osmosis to maintain the body's fluid balance. Dehydration (Option A) refers to the condition of having insufficient water in the body, not the process of water reabsorption in the large intestine. Filtration (Option C) is a process where a liquid or gas passes through a filter to separate the components, not the primary mechanism for water reabsorption in the large intestine. Secretion (Option D) is the release of substances from cells, but it is not the process by which the body reabsorbs water from the large intestine.

5. Muscle tissues often require quick bursts of energy. As a result, which of the following organelles would be most likely to be found in higher than normal amounts in muscle cells?

• A. ribosomes
• B. chloroplasts
• C. vacuoles
• D. mitochondria

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Muscle tissues require quick bursts of energy for activities such as contraction and relaxation. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Therefore, muscle cells would require higher amounts of mitochondria to meet their energy demands. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis and are not directly related to energy production. Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, not in animal muscle cells. Vacuoles are primarily involved in storage, maintaining turgor pressure, and digestion, but they are not the main organelles involved in energy production.

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