Nursing Elites

1. Which digestive enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins?

• A. Pepsin
• B. Lipase
• C. Amylase
• D. Maltase

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Pepsin. Pepsin is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach. It is produced in an inactive form called pepsinogen, which becomes activated by the acidic environment in the stomach. Pepsin functions by breaking down proteins into smaller peptides, which are further digested by other enzymes in the small intestine. Lipase is responsible for breaking down fats, amylase for carbohydrates, and maltase for converting maltose into glucose. Therefore, choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they are associated with breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and converting maltose, respectively, not proteins.

2. Which term refers to the condition where a muscle shortens in length while generating force, leading to movement at a joint?

• A. Isometric contraction
• B. Eccentric contraction
• C. Isotonic contraction
• D. Concentric contraction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Concentric contraction refers to the condition where a muscle shortens in length while generating force, leading to movement at a joint. This type of contraction is commonly associated with the lifting phase of an exercise where the muscle is actively shortening against resistance. Isometric contraction (Choice A) involves muscle contraction without a change in muscle length, Eccentric contraction (Choice B) involves the muscle lengthening while generating force, and Isotonic contraction (Choice C) refers to muscle contraction against a constant load with a change in muscle length.

3. What is hemoglobin?

• A. an enzyme
• B. a protein
• C. a lipid
• D. an acid

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that plays a crucial role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and organs in the body. It is composed of four protein subunits, each containing a heme group that binds to oxygen molecules. Choice A is incorrect as hemoglobin is not an enzyme, but rather a protein. Choice C is incorrect as hemoglobin is not a lipid, but a protein. Choice D is incorrect as hemoglobin is not an acid, but a protein.

4. In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is:

• A. Must be equal to the number of protons.
• B. Must be less than the number of protons.
• C. Must be greater than the number of neutrons.
• D. Can vary depending on the atom's temperature.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In a neutral atom, the number of electrons must be equal to the number of protons to maintain electrical neutrality. Electrons carry a negative charge while protons carry a positive charge. By having an equal number of electrons and protons, the positive and negative charges balance each other out, resulting in an electrically neutral atom. Choice B is incorrect because in a neutral atom, the number of electrons and protons must be equal. Choice C is incorrect as it compares electrons to neutrons, which are not directly related in determining an atom's charge. Choice D is incorrect as the number of electrons in a neutral atom is not dependent on the atom's temperature but rather on the atom's balance of positive and negative charges.

5. Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?

• A. Femur
• B. Scapula
• C. Humerus
• D. Tibia

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Scapula. Flat bones, such as the scapula, are thin, flattened bones that provide protection to internal organs and serve as attachment points for muscles. The other choices, femur, humerus, and tibia, are examples of long bones, which are characterized by their elongated structure and are primarily involved in supporting weight and facilitating movement.

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