Nursing Elites

1. What is the primary difference between ionic and metallic bonding?

• A. Ionic bonds involve electron transfer, while metallic bonds involve electron sharing.
• B. Ionic bonds are weak and directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional.
• C. Ionic bonds exist between metals and non-metals, while metallic bonds exist only between metals.
• D. Ionic bonds form discrete molecules, while metallic bonds form extended structures.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ionic bonds involve electron transfer, where one atom completely donates an electron to another, resulting in discrete molecules. On the other hand, metallic bonds are non-directional and strong, formed by a 'sea' of delocalized electrons shared among all metal atoms. This shared electron cloud allows for strong bonding throughout the entire material, making metallic bonds non-directional and strong compared to the directional and weaker nature of ionic bonds. Choice A is incorrect because metallic bonds do not involve electron sharing but rather the sharing of a sea of delocalized electrons. Choice C is incorrect as metallic bonds can also exist between metal atoms, not just between metals and non-metals. Choice D is incorrect because metallic bonds do not form discrete molecules but rather extended structures due to the sharing of electrons among all metal atoms.

2. What is the primary function of hair on the human body?

• A. Insulation
• B. Sensory perception
• C. Protection
• D. Vitamin D synthesis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The primary function of hair on the human body is protection. Hair acts as a barrier to protect the skin from external factors such as sunlight, dust, and other environmental elements. While hair can also provide some insulation by trapping heat near the body and contribute to sensory perception by detecting touch or movements, its main role is to safeguard the skin from potential harm, making protection the most essential function. Vitamin D synthesis is primarily related to the skin's exposure to sunlight and is not a direct function of hair.

3. Which of the following correctly lists the normal blood flow through the heart?

• A. Left ventricle, left atrium, body, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs
• B. Left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, right atrium, right ventricle, body
• C. Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body
• D. Right ventricle, right atrium, body, left atrium, left ventricle, lungs

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct order of normal blood flow through the heart is as follows: from the body, blood flows into the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, followed by the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation. Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, then moves into the left ventricle before being pumped out to the body. Choice B correctly depicts this sequential flow of blood through the heart. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not follow the typical path of blood flow through the heart.

4. Which of the following is not part of the digestive system?

• A. Esophagus
• B. Liver
• C. Stomach
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'D: Pancreas.' While the pancreas contributes to digestion by secreting enzymes, it is not part of the main digestive tract. The esophagus, liver, and stomach are integral components of the digestive system. The esophagus helps in the transport of food to the stomach, the stomach aids in food breakdown, the liver produces bile for fat digestion, and the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes. Therefore, the pancreas is the correct answer as it is not part of the primary digestive tract but supports digestion through enzyme secretion.

5. What type of genetic testing can reveal an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases?

• A. Karyotyping
• B. Pharmacogenomics
• C. Paternity testing
• D. Microarray analysis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A) Karyotyping is a genetic test that examines an individual's chromosomes to detect abnormalities such as extra or missing chromosomes. It is not typically used to reveal an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases. B) Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs. It focuses on how genetic variations can influence drug response, rather than susceptibility to diseases. C) Paternity testing is a genetic test used to determine the biological relationship between a child and an alleged father. It is not used to reveal an individual's susceptibility to diseases. D) Microarray analysis is a type of genetic testing that can reveal an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases by analyzing variations in their DNA. It can identify genetic markers associated with increased risk for specific conditions, allowing for personalized risk assessment and preventive measures.

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