Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is true regarding adipocytes?

• A. They are involved in the secretion of glucose.
• B. They are responsible for storing the fat found in adipose tissue.
• C. They are critical in the digestive breakdown of fat.
• D. They are the foundational element of muscles.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Adipocytes are responsible for storing the fat found in adipose tissue. These specialized cells store energy in the form of fat and play a key role in energy balance and metabolism. Adipocytes do not secrete glucose; that function is typically attributed to other cells like pancreatic beta cells. Adipocytes are not involved in the digestive breakdown of fat, as this process primarily occurs in the gastrointestinal system with the help of enzymes. Adipocytes are distinct from the foundational elements of muscles, which are primarily made up of muscle fibers and associated connective tissues.

2. What are the tiny contractile units within muscle cells called?

• A. Myocytes
• B. Myofibrils
• C. Sarcomeres
• D. Tendons

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sarcomeres are the smallest contractile units within muscle cells. They consist of overlapping filaments of actin and myosin proteins, which interact to produce muscle contractions. Myocytes are the entire muscle cells, myofibrils are bundles of protein filaments found within muscle cells, and tendons are tough connective tissues that connect muscles to bones. Therefore, sarcomeres specifically represent the contractile units responsible for muscle contraction, making them the correct answer in this context.

3. What are the two layers of the spinal cord?

• A. White matter and grey matter
• B. Epithelial and connective tissue
• C. Adipose and muscular tissue
• D. Dermis and hypodermis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: White matter and grey matter. The spinal cord is composed of an exterior layer of white matter, which surrounds an interior core of grey matter. White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons, while grey matter contains cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. White matter is responsible for transmitting nerve signals up and down the spinal cord, while grey matter processes sensory information and initiates motor commands. The other choices (B, C, D) are incorrect as they do not represent the anatomical layers of the spinal cord. Epithelial and connective tissue, adipose and muscular tissue, dermis, and hypodermis are not the layers of the spinal cord but are found in other parts of the body such as skin and organs.

4. How are genetic markers utilized in paternity testing?

• A. They identify unique sequences in the father's DNA present in the child.
• B. They analyze the presence or absence of specific alleles for certain genes.
• C. They compare the child's blood type to the parents' blood types.
• D. They measure the child's physical resemblance to the father.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Genetic markers are specific DNA sequences that can vary among individuals. In paternity testing, genetic markers are used to compare the DNA of the child with that of the alleged father. By analyzing the presence or absence of specific alleles (different forms of a gene) at these genetic markers, scientists can determine the likelihood of paternity. This method is more accurate and reliable than comparing blood types (choice C) or physical resemblance (choice D) as genetic markers provide a direct comparison of DNA sequences between individuals. Therefore, option B is the correct choice as it accurately describes the use of genetic markers in paternity testing.

5. Why are noble gas elements generally unreactive?

• A. They are too large and cannot form bonds easily.
• B. They lack valence electrons in their outermost shell.
• C. They have strong bonds within their own molecules.
• D. They have already achieved stable electron configurations.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. Noble gas elements are generally unreactive because they have already achieved stable electron configurations by having a full outer electron shell. This full shell makes them very stable and unlikely to gain, lose, or share electrons with other elements. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because noble gases are not unreactive due to being too large to form bonds easily (A), lacking valence electrons in their outermost shell (B), or having strong bonds within their own molecules (C).

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