Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing ATP in the cell?

• A. Golgi apparatus
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Nucleus
• D. Ribosome

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the energy currency of the cell that is essential for various cellular processes. The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion. The nucleus is responsible for housing the cell's genetic material and controlling cell activities. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis. However, the actual production of ATP occurs in the mitochondria through processes like the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

2. Which of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart?

• A. Pulmonary artery
• B. Pulmonary vein
• C. Aorta
• D. Inferior vena cava

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary vein. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart. This oxygenated blood is then pumped out to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery, choice A, carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The aorta, choice C, is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues. Choice D, the inferior vena cava, transports deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart.

3. Which of the following structures connects muscle to bone?

• A. Ligaments
• B. Tendons
• C. Muscles
• D. Bones

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tendons are the correct answer as they are fibrous structures that connect muscle to bone, enabling the transmission of force during movement. Ligaments, on the contrary, connect bone to bone, aiding in joint stability. Muscles contract to generate force and facilitate movement, while bones provide structural support and protect internal organs.

4. What structure in plant cells provides rigidity and support?

• A. Cell membrane
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Plastid
• D. Cell wall

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, the cell wall. The cell wall is the structure in plant cells that provides rigidity and support. It is a tough, rigid structure located outside the cell membrane. Composed primarily of cellulose, the cell wall offers structural support to the cell, helping it maintain its shape and protect it from damage. The other choices, such as the cell membrane (choice A), Golgi apparatus (choice B), and plastid (choice C) do not provide rigidity and support to plant cells. The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier, the Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins, and plastids are organelles responsible for functions like photosynthesis and storage, but they do not provide the structural support that the cell wall does.

5. Epithelial tissue, which covers surfaces, is further classified based on the number of cell layers. Simple epithelium has:

• A. No layers
• B. One layer
• C. Two to several layers
• D. Many tightly packed layers

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells. This type of epithelium is found in areas where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur, as it allows for efficient exchange of substances across the epithelial barrier. Simple epithelium is well-suited for diffusion and filtration processes due to its thin nature, enabling substances to pass through easily. Choice A, 'No layers,' is incorrect as epithelial tissue always consists of at least one cell layer. Choice C, 'Two to several layers,' describes stratified epithelium, not simple epithelium, which has only one layer. Choice D, 'Many tightly packed layers,' is more characteristic of stratified epithelium, where multiple layers of cells are present. Therefore, the correct answer is B: 'One layer.'

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