Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a major division of the nervous system?

• A. Peripheral nervous system
• B. Central nervous system
• C. Somatic nervous system
• D. Autonomic nervous system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Somatic nervous system. The major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside of the central nervous system. The somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and reflexes, is a part of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is another subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. Therefore, the somatic nervous system is not a major division of the nervous system, making it the correct answer.

2. During which phase of meiosis do chiasmata structures form?

• A. Prophase I
• B. Prophase II
• C. Metaphase I
• D. Metaphase II

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Chiasmata structures, where crossing over occurs, form during Prophase I of meiosis. This phase is characterized by homologous chromosomes pairing up and crossing over, leading to the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids. Chiasmata are visible points of contact where genetic material has been exchanged, and they play a critical role in genetic diversity. Prophase II is the phase where chromosomes condense again in the second meiotic division, but chiasmata formation occurs in Prophase I. Metaphase I is the phase where homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, not where chiasmata form. Metaphase II is the phase where replicated chromosomes align at the metaphase plate in the second meiotic division, but chiasmata formation occurs earlier in Prophase I.

3. Which of the following is an example of aseptic technique?

• A. Washing hands with soap and water before surgery
• B. Coughing into your elbow
• C. Sharing a stethoscope without cleaning
• D. Leaving a wound dressing exposed

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Aseptic technique refers to practices that help prevent the introduction of harmful microorganisms into a sterile environment. Washing hands with soap and water before surgery is an essential component of aseptic technique as it helps reduce the number of microorganisms on the hands, decreasing the risk of introducing pathogens into the surgical site. Coughing into your elbow is a good hygiene practice to prevent the spread of respiratory infections but is not specifically related to aseptic technique. Sharing a stethoscope without cleaning can introduce microorganisms from one patient to another, compromising aseptic conditions. Leaving a wound dressing exposed can lead to contamination and infection, which is contrary to aseptic technique.

4. In the reaction 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3, what is the mole ratio of aluminum to oxygen?

• A. 4:3
• B. 2:3
• C. 3:2
• D. 3:4

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The balanced chemical equation shows that 4 moles of aluminum react with 3 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of aluminum oxide. Therefore, the mole ratio of aluminum to oxygen is 4:3. Choice B (2:3) is incorrect because it does not reflect the correct ratio based on the balanced equation. Choice C (3:2) and Choice D (3:4) are also incorrect as they do not represent the correct mole ratio of aluminum to oxygen according to the balanced chemical equation.

5. Which of the following is an effect of high blood pressure?

• A. Smoking
• B. Excessive dietary salt
• C. Renal vessel damage
• D. Older age

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Renal vessel damage. High blood pressure can lead to damage in blood vessels throughout the body, including the kidneys. When blood vessels in the kidneys are affected, it can impair kidney function and potentially lead to kidney disease. Smoking (Choice A) and excessive dietary salt (Choice B) can contribute to high blood pressure but are not direct effects of high blood pressure itself. Older age (Choice D) is a risk factor for developing high blood pressure but is not a direct effect of high blood pressure.

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