Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

• A. Removing substances from the blood.
• B. Releasing hormones.
• C. Combating disease.
• D. Maintaining tissue fluid balance.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Releasing hormones is not a function of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system plays crucial roles in removing substances from the blood, combating disease through the production of immune cells, and maintaining tissue fluid balance by circulating lymph. Releasing hormones is primarily the function of endocrine glands, not the lymphatic system.

2. Which of the following is NOT a major division of the nervous system?

• A. Peripheral nervous system
• B. Central nervous system
• C. Somatic nervous system
• D. Autonomic nervous system

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Somatic nervous system. The major divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes all the nerves outside of the central nervous system. The somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and reflexes, is a part of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is another subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. Therefore, the somatic nervous system is not a major division of the nervous system, making it the correct answer.

3. Which valve prevents backflow into the atrium when the ventricles contract?

• A. Pulmonary valve
• B. Tricuspid valve
• C. Mitral valve
• D. Aortic valve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) prevents backflow into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts. This valve ensures that blood flows in the correct direction, preventing regurgitation into the atrium. The pulmonary valve is responsible for preventing backflow into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery. The mitral valve prevents backflow into the left atrium, and the aortic valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle from the aorta. Therefore, the correct answer is the tricuspid valve as it specifically addresses the scenario of backflow into the atrium during ventricular contraction.

4. What is the role of hemoglobin in the human body?

• A. Transport oxygen in red blood cells
• B. Bind oxygen to red blood cells
• C. Carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
• D. Help red blood cells transport oxygen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'Help red blood cells transport oxygen.' Hemoglobin acts as a carrier molecule in red blood cells, binding to oxygen in the lungs and releasing it in the tissues. It facilitates the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and aids in returning carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because hemoglobin itself does not transport oxygen independently or bind oxygen to red blood cells nor does it carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs; instead, it assists red blood cells in the transportation of oxygen.

5. What is the process of breaking down proteins into amino acids called?

• A. Proteolysis
• B. Lipolysis
• C. Carbohydrate catabolism
• D. Nucleic acid catabolism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Proteolysis is the specific process of breaking down proteins into amino acids. Lipolysis refers to the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol, not proteins. Carbohydrate catabolism involves the breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose for energy production, not proteins. Nucleic acid catabolism is the breakdown of nucleic acids into nucleotides, not proteins. Therefore, in the context of breaking down proteins into amino acids, the correct term is proteolysis.

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