Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is an example of a salt?

• A. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• C. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
• D. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a salt. Salts are ionic compounds formed by the reaction of an acid with a base. In this case, sodium chloride is formed by the reaction of sodium hydroxide (a base) with hydrochloric acid (an acid). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) are not salts because they are not formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base, which is a characteristic of salts.

2. Which of the following is a common property of bases?

• A. Conductivity in aqueous solutions
• B. Sour taste
• C. Reactivity with metals to produce hydrogen gas
• D. Turns red litmus paper blue

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Bases are substances that can accept protons or donate hydroxide ions in a chemical reaction. One common property of bases is that they turn red litmus paper blue. This is a classic test to distinguish between acids (which turn blue litmus paper red) and bases. Conductivity in aqueous solutions (Option A) is a property of both acids and bases, but not unique to bases alone. Sour taste (Option B) is a property commonly associated with acids, not bases. Reactivity with metals to produce hydrogen gas (Option C) is a property of acids, particularly strong acids, but not bases.

3. What is the function of the stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the salivary glands?

• A. Protection
• B. Gas exchange
• C. Secretion
• D. Absorption

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secretion. The stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the salivary glands is responsible for secretion. This type of epithelium, made of multiple layers of cube-shaped cells, is specialized for secretion and protection. In the salivary glands, these cells secrete saliva to aid in the digestion process. Choice A, Protection, is incorrect because while the epithelium does provide some level of protection, its primary function in the salivary glands is secretion. Choice B, Gas exchange, is incorrect as the salivary glands are not involved in gas exchange processes. Choice D, Absorption, is also incorrect as the main role of this epithelium in the salivary glands is not absorption but rather secretion of saliva.

4. Which organ of the body compensates when a person's intake of vitamins decreases?

• A. Appendix
• B. Liver
• C. Pancreas
• D. Stomach

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The liver is the organ that compensates when a person's intake of vitamins decreases. It stores certain vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12, and releases them when dietary intake decreases. This helps maintain the body's vitamin levels and functions. The other organs listed - Appendix, Pancreas, and Stomach - do not primarily play a role in compensating for a decrease in vitamin intake. The liver is crucial in maintaining vitamin balance, making it the correct choice in this context.

5. The dark, round structures observed within some bacterial cells are most likely:

• A. Ribosomes
• B. Flagella
• C. Endospores
• D. Capsules

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Endospores are the correct answer. Endospores are dark, round structures observed within some bacterial cells. They are highly resistant dormant structures formed by certain bacteria in response to harsh environmental conditions. Ribosomes are not dark, round structures within bacterial cells; they are responsible for protein synthesis. Flagella are long, whip-like appendages used for movement and are not dark, round structures within bacterial cells. Capsules are outer layers of polysaccharides that some bacteria produce for protection and adherence, not dark, round structures within bacterial cells.

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