Nursing Elites

1. Homologous structures are similar structures in different organisms that have a common evolutionary origin. An example is:

• A. Butterfly wings and bird wings (analogous structures with different origins)
• B. The arm of a human, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a whale
• C. The eyes of an octopus and a human (convergent evolution with different origins)
• D. The stinger of a bee and the barb of a cactus (unrelated structures)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Homologous structures are similar structures found in different organisms that share a common evolutionary origin. The arm of a human, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a whale are all examples of homologous structures. Despite serving different functions, they share a common underlying structure due to their evolutionary relationship, evidencing a shared ancestry. These structures are modified over time to suit the specific needs of each species. Option A (Butterfly wings and bird wings) refers to analogous structures with different origins. Option C (The eyes of an octopus and a human) describes convergent evolution where traits evolve independently. Option D (The stinger of a bee and the barb of a cactus) are unrelated structures.

2. How are the bones of the skull classified?

• A. Long bones
• B. Short bones
• C. Flat bones
• D. Irregular bones

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The bones of the skull are classified as flat bones. Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved bones that provide protection to underlying organs and have a large surface area for muscle attachment. The skull bones fit this description as they protect the brain and have a broad surface for muscle attachment. Choice A (Long bones), B (Short bones), and D (Irregular bones) are incorrect classifications. Long bones are typically found in the extremities like the arms and legs, short bones are cube-shaped like the wrist and ankle bones, and irregular bones have complex shapes like the vertebrae. These classifications do not describe the bones of the skull, which are predominantly flat bones.

3. Which of the following body systems controls fluid loss, protects deep tissues, and synthesizes vitamin D?

• A. The skeletal system
• B. The muscular system
• C. The lymphatic system
• D. The integumentary system

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The integumentary system is responsible for controlling fluid loss through sweat, protecting deep tissues as the body's first line of defense, and synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. The skin, hair, nails, and associated glands make up the integumentary system, which plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and overall health. The skeletal system (Choice A) provides structural support and protection for internal organs but does not directly control fluid loss, protect deep tissues, or synthesize vitamin D. The muscular system (Choice B) is responsible for movement and stability but is not involved in the functions described. The lymphatic system (Choice C) is primarily responsible for immunity and fluid balance, not the specific functions mentioned in the question.

4. Which locations in the digestive system are sites of chemical digestion? I. Mouth II. Stomach III. Small Intestine

• A. II only
• B. III only
• C. II and III only
• D. I, II, and III

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Chemical digestion occurs in all three locations in the digestive system - the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Enzymes in the saliva break down carbohydrates in the mouth, gastric juices in the stomach help break down proteins, and enzymes in the small intestine further break down macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The mouth initiates the digestion of carbohydrates, the stomach digests proteins, and the small intestine continues the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Choice A is incorrect because chemical digestion does occur in the mouth. Choice B is incorrect as both the stomach and small intestine are sites of chemical digestion. Choice C is incorrect as the mouth is also a location of chemical digestion, not just the stomach and small intestine.

5. Differentiate between the digestive and respiratory systems.

• A. Mouth
• B. Stomach
• C. Small intestine
• D. Lungs

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D - Lungs. The mouth, stomach, and small intestine are all components of the digestive system, which is responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can absorb. On the other hand, the lungs are part of the respiratory system, which facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment through breathing. While the digestive system processes food for energy and nutrients, the respiratory system is primarily focused on the exchange of gases necessary for cellular respiration. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they are all organs associated with the digestive system and do not pertain to the respiratory system.

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