Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is a protein?

• A. cellulose
• B. hemoglobin
• C. estrogen
• D. ATP

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'hemoglobin' because it is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood. Cellulose is a carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants, not a protein. Estrogen is a hormone, not a protein. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that carries energy within cells, not a protein.

2. What is the term for the movement of ions and other molecular substances across cell membranes without the need for energy?

• A. Active Transport
• B. Passive Transport
• C. Diffusion
• D. Osmosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Passive transport refers to the movement of substances across cell membranes without the need for energy input. In contrast, active transport, choice A, requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient. Diffusion, choice C, is a type of passive transport where substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis, choice D, specifically refers to the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

3. How should a researcher test the hypothesis that a particular species of bird vocalizes most in the hours around dawn?

• A. Observe a flock of the birds in captivity and record them at two-hour intervals from predawn until sunset for a month.
• B. Observe a flock of the birds in the wild and record them at one-hour intervals from predawn until sunset in several seasons.
• C. Observe a flock of the birds in the wild and record them in predawn and postdawn hours every day for six months.
• D. Observe a flock of the birds in the wild, record them at one-hour intervals for a month, and compare that recording to recordings of other species.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Observing a flock of the birds in the wild and recording them in predawn and postdawn hours every day for six months would be the best way to test the hypothesis that a particular species of bird vocalizes most in the hours around dawn. This method allows for consistent monitoring of the birds during specific times of interest over an extended period, providing a comprehensive dataset to accurately analyze the vocalization patterns. Options A and B do not focus specifically on dawn hours, making them less suitable for testing the hypothesis. Option D introduces a comparison with other species, which is unnecessary and distracts from the main objective of studying the vocalization pattern of the particular bird species around dawn.

4. What helps the cell maintain its shape and allows it to adapt?

• A. Microfilaments
• B. Cytoplasm
• C. Cytoskeleton
• D. Centrioles

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The cytoskeleton is the correct answer. It provides structural support to the cell, helps maintain its shape, and enables it to adapt to different environments. Microfilaments are part of the cytoskeleton, but they alone do not encompass the entire cytoskeleton's functions. Cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell where organelles are suspended and is not directly responsible for maintaining cell shape. Centrioles are involved in cell division and do not primarily contribute to maintaining the cell's shape and adaptation.

5. Which of the following is false?

• A. Animal cells use lysosomes to break down old cells
• B. Animal cells use chloroplasts to gain energy
• C. Plant cells have a cell wall to maintain structure
• D. All of the above are true

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The statement "B. Animal cells use chloroplasts to gain energy" is false. Chloroplasts are only present in plant cells and certain algae, where they are responsible for photosynthesis to generate energy from sunlight. Animal cells rely on other organelles, such as mitochondria, for energy production. Choice A is true because animal cells use lysosomes to break down old cells and cellular waste. Choice C is true as plant cells have a cell wall composed of cellulose that provides structural support and protection.

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