Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following indicates the body's draining of clear fluid throughout the body to protect it from infection?

• A. Pulmonary Loop
• B. Systemic Loop
• C. Lymphatic System
• D. Immune System

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, the Lymphatic System. The lymphatic system is responsible for draining clear fluid, known as lymph, throughout the body to protect it from infection. The other choices are incorrect because the pulmonary loop specifically refers to circulation between the heart and lungs, the systemic loop refers to circulation between the heart and the rest of the body, and the immune system is responsible for fighting infections and diseases rather than draining clear fluid.

2. What type of bond forms between elements when they share electrons?

• A. Covalent bond
• B. Ionic bond
• C. Metallic bond
• D. Hydrogen bond

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Covalent bond. In a covalent bond, atoms share electrons, leading to the creation of a strong attraction that holds them together. This type of bond is characterized by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, resulting in the formation of molecules. Choice B, Ionic bond, involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, creating charged ions that attract each other. Choice C, Metallic bond, refers to the sharing of electrons among a sea of delocalized electrons in a metal structure. Choice D, Hydrogen bond, is a weak electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen, not involving the sharing of electrons.

3. Why is an extensive network of blood vessels necessary to supply the endocrine glands?

• A. To filter waste from the blood
• B. Because the glands empty directly into the blood
• C. To allow blood to empty into the endocrine system
• D. To filter waste from the endocrine glands

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood, which is why they require a rich blood supply to ensure effective hormone distribution throughout the body. The extensive network of blood vessels allows hormones to be quickly transported to target tissues and organs, regulating various physiological functions. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because endocrine glands do not filter waste from the blood or the glands themselves. They release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions, making a direct connection to the blood supply crucial for their function.

4. Following successful heart transplant surgery, the patient's body will need to take medications to:

• A. Suppress the immune system and prevent rejection of the new heart.
• B. Reduce overall blood pressure.
• C. Dissolve any remaining blood clots.
• D. Stimulate the growth of new heart tissue.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: After heart transplant surgery, the patient's body will need to take medications to suppress the immune system and prevent rejection of the new heart. This is essential to ensure that the body does not identify the transplanted heart as a foreign entity and mount an immune response against it, which could lead to transplant rejection and failure. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because post-heart transplant medications primarily focus on preventing rejection by suppressing the immune system, rather than reducing blood pressure, dissolving blood clots, or stimulating the growth of new heart tissue.

5. What is the name for the change in enthalpy (heat) associated with a chemical reaction at constant pressure?

• A. Entropy
• B. Enthalpy
• C. Gibbs free energy
• D. Heat of reaction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Heat of reaction. The heat of reaction, also known as the enthalpy change, is the amount of heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction at constant pressure. Entropy (A) is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system and is not specifically related to heat changes in a chemical reaction. Enthalpy (B) is the total heat content of a system and not just the change associated with a reaction. Gibbs free energy (C) is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and pressure, but it is not the specific term for the heat change in a chemical reaction.

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