Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following describes the muscular organ that processes food material into increasingly smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva to create a bolus, and creates a barrier to transport food into the esophagus?

• A. pharynx
• B. tongue
• C. diaphragm
• D. stomach

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The tongue is the muscular organ responsible for manipulating food material in the mouth, breaking it down into smaller pieces, and mixing it with saliva to form a bolus. It also plays a crucial role in pushing the food bolus towards the back of the mouth to facilitate swallowing and transport the food into the esophagus. The pharynx is involved in swallowing and directing food to the esophagus after it passes the mouth. The diaphragm is a muscle involved in the breathing process, not food processing. The stomach is an organ responsible for further digestion of food after it passes through the esophagus.

2. What is a reaction between an acid and a base known as?

• A. Precipitation
• B. Neutralization
• C. Oxidation-reduction
• D. Photolysis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Neutralization. When an acid and a base react, they neutralize each other's properties, resulting in the formation of water and a salt. Choice A, 'Precipitation,' refers to the formation of a solid from a solution during a chemical reaction. Choice C, 'Oxidation-reduction,' involves the transfer of electrons between reactants. Choice D, 'Photolysis,' is a reaction where a compound is broken down into smaller components by light energy. Therefore, the most appropriate term for a reaction between an acid and a base is neutralization.

3. What is the term for an organism with two different alleles for a gene?

• A. Homozygous
• B. Heterozygous
• C. Dominant
• D. Recessive

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Homozygous refers to an organism with two identical alleles for a gene, either both dominant or both recessive. Heterozygous, the correct answer, refers to an organism with two different alleles for a gene, one dominant and one recessive. Dominant and recessive describe the relationship between alleles, where dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles in heterozygous individuals. Therefore, the term for an organism with two different alleles for a gene is 'heterozygous.'

4. When two coherent light waves with a slight phase difference interfere, what determines the resulting intensity of the combined wave?

• A. The individual intensities of the waves
• B. The wavelength of the waves
• C. The distance between the waves
• D. The color of the waves

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The resulting intensity of the combined wave is determined by the individual intensities of the waves. When two coherent light waves interfere, the amplitudes of the waves add up, and the resulting intensity is proportional to the square of the sum of the individual amplitudes. Therefore, the individual intensities of the waves play a crucial role in determining the resulting intensity of the combined wave. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. The wavelength of the waves and the distance between the waves do affect interference patterns but not the resulting intensity. The color of the waves is determined by the wavelength and does not directly determine the resulting intensity of the combined wave.

5. Using anatomical terms, what is the relationship of the sternum to the deltoid?

• A. Medial
• B. Lateral
• C. Superficial
• D. Posterior

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The sternum is located at the midline of the body, closer to the center, making it medial to the deltoid. The deltoid muscle is positioned on the lateral side of the upper arm, away from the midline. Therefore, the correct relationship of the sternum to the deltoid is medial. 'Lateral' is incorrect as it refers to a position farther away from the midline, 'Superficial' is incorrect as it relates to a structure being closer to the surface, and 'Posterior' is incorrect as it indicates a position behind or toward the back.

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