Nursing Elites

1. What are the phases of bacterial growth and infection?

• A. Lag, exponential, stationary, death
• B. Exponential, stationary, lag, death
• C. Stationary, exponential, lag, death
• D. Lag, stationary, exponential, death

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lag, exponential, stationary, death. The phases of bacterial growth start with the lag phase where bacteria acclimate to their environment, followed by the exponential phase characterized by rapid growth. This is then followed by the stationary phase where growth slows as resources deplete, and finally, the death phase where the population declines. Choice B is incorrect as it has the order of phases mixed up. Choice C is incorrect as it also has the order of phases mixed up. Choice D is incorrect as it has the stationary phase occurring before the exponential phase, which is inaccurate.

2. What is the name of the condition characterized by swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid?

• A. Anemia
• B. Edema
• C. Hypertension
• D. Diabetes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Edema is the condition characterized by swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid. It occurs when excess fluid is trapped in the body's tissues. Anemia (A) is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells, leading to a reduced ability to carry oxygen in the blood. Hypertension (C) is high blood pressure, a condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Diabetes (D) is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, either due to insufficient insulin production or the body's resistance to insulin, leading to various complications.

3. What property of a substance remains constant regardless of its location in the universe?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Density
• D. Volume

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and remains constant regardless of its location in the universe. Weight, on the other hand, is the force of gravity acting on an object and can vary depending on the gravitational pull at different locations. Density and volume can also change based on the environment in which an object is placed, making mass the property that remains constant universally. Therefore, the correct answer is mass. Weight changes with the gravitational force of a particular location, density varies with mass and volume, and volume can change depending on the shape or size of the object.

4. Which hormone is responsible for the characteristic changes experienced during puberty, such as breast development and menstruation in females?

• A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• C. Estrogen
• D. Progesterone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Estrogen is the hormone responsible for the characteristic changes experienced during puberty in females, such as breast development and menstruation. Estrogen plays a crucial role in the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are primarily involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. Progesterone, on the other hand, is important for preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining pregnancy, but it is not the primary hormone responsible for the changes seen during puberty in females.

5. What is the formula for calculating molarity?

• A. M = n/V
• B. M = n/L
• C. M = mol/L
• D. M = mol/dm³

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct formula for calculating molarity is M = n/V. In this formula, 'M' represents molarity, 'n' represents the number of moles of solute, and 'V' represents the volume of the solution in liters. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, hence the ratio of moles to volume. Choice B, 'M = n/L', is incorrect because 'L' should represent liters instead of the number of moles. Choice C, 'M = mol/L', is incorrect as it does not include the representation of the number of moles 'n'. Choice D, 'M = mol/dm³', is incorrect because 'dm³' is a volume unit equal to a liter, but the correct representation should be in terms of the volume of the solution in liters. Therefore, the correct answer is M = n/V.

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