Nursing Elites

1. Which of Mendel's Laws states that alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation?

• A. Law of Independent Assortment
• B. Law of Segregation
• C. Law of Dominance
• D. Law of Probability

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Law of Segregation, proposed by Gregor Mendel, states that alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation. This means that each parent passes on only one allele for each gene to their offspring. This law explains how genetic diversity is maintained and how different combinations of alleles are generated in offspring. The Law of Independent Assortment (option A) is not the correct answer as it states that alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation, not specifically alleles of a single gene. The Law of Dominance (option C) is incorrect as it pertains to the expression of alleles rather than their segregation during gamete formation. The Law of Probability (option D) is also incorrect as it is a general concept describing the likelihood of events, not specifically related to alleles segregating during gamete formation.

2. What is the term for the process of converting a liquid into a gas at a temperature below its boiling point?

• A. Vaporization
• B. Evaporation
• C. Condensation
• D. Sublimation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Evaporation is the correct term for the process of converting a liquid into a gas at a temperature below its boiling point. During evaporation, molecules of the liquid gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase, primarily occurring at the liquid's surface. Vaporization is a broader term that encompasses the conversion of a substance from a liquid or solid state to a gas, not specifically at temperatures below the boiling point. Condensation is the reverse process of evaporation, involving the conversion of a gas into a liquid. Sublimation, on the other hand, refers to the direct transition of a substance from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through the liquid phase.

3. What is the role of surfactant in the respiratory system?

• A. To trap dust particles
• B. To increase lung compliance
• C. To produce mucus
• D. To generate oxygen during respiration

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To increase lung compliance. Surfactant is a substance produced by type II alveolar cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension in the alveoli. This reduction in surface tension helps to increase lung compliance, making it easier for the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. Improved lung compliance is essential for efficient gas exchange in the respiratory system, facilitating oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide removal. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because surfactant does not trap dust particles, produce mucus, or generate oxygen during respiration. Instead, its primary function lies in reducing surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse and improve lung compliance for optimal gas exchange.

4. Which of the following structures in the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?

• A. Trachea
• B. Alveoli
• C. Bronchi
• D. Diaphragm

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alveoli. The alveoli in the lungs are responsible for gas exchange. They have a thin membrane that allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs and the blood in the capillaries surrounding them. This process is essential for respiration, providing oxygen to the body's tissues and removing carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular metabolism. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The trachea is a passageway that carries air to and from the lungs but is not directly involved in gas exchange. Bronchi are airway passages that further divide into smaller bronchioles leading to the alveoli but do not perform gas exchange themselves. The diaphragm is a muscle involved in the breathing process by aiding in inhalation and exhalation, but it is not the structure responsible for gas exchange in the respiratory system.

5. What function do ribosomes serve within the cell?

• A. Ribosomes are responsible for cell movement.
• B. Ribosomes aid in protein synthesis.
• C. Ribosomes help protect the cell from its environment.
• D. Ribosomes have enzymes that help with digestion.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ribosomes serve a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating mRNA into proteins. They are not involved in cell movement, protecting the cell from the environment, or aiding in digestion. Choice A is incorrect because ribosomes are not responsible for cell movement. Choice C is incorrect because ribosomes do not primarily protect the cell from its environment. Choice D is incorrect because ribosomes do not have enzymes that aid in digestion.

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