Nursing Elites

1. Which of Mendel's Laws states that alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation?

• A. Law of Independent Assortment
• B. Law of Segregation
• C. Law of Dominance
• D. Law of Probability

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The Law of Segregation, proposed by Gregor Mendel, states that alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation. This means that each parent passes on only one allele for each gene to their offspring. This law explains how genetic diversity is maintained and how different combinations of alleles are generated in offspring. The Law of Independent Assortment (option A) is not the correct answer as it states that alleles of different genes assort independently of each other during gamete formation, not specifically alleles of a single gene. The Law of Dominance (option C) is incorrect as it pertains to the expression of alleles rather than their segregation during gamete formation. The Law of Probability (option D) is also incorrect as it is a general concept describing the likelihood of events, not specifically related to alleles segregating during gamete formation.

2. An object is moving in a circle at constant speed. Is there a net force acting on it?

• A. Yes, always
• B. No, never
• C. Only if its speed is changing
• D. Only if its direction is changing

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When an object is moving in a circle at a constant speed, there is a net force acting on it. This net force is directed towards the center of the circle and is responsible for continuously changing the direction of the object's velocity, even though the speed remains constant. Therefore, the correct answer is D because the net force is required to change the direction of the object's motion in a circular path. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the presence of a net force is necessary to continuously change the object's direction as it moves in a circular path, irrespective of changes in speed.

3. What is a gene, and what is the relationship between genes, genotype, and phenotype?

• A. A gene is a sequence of amino acids; genes make up proteins; genotype determines phenotype
• B. A gene is a portion of DNA; genes determine traits; genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the physical manifestation
• C. A gene is a protein; proteins determine traits; genotype is the set of all genes
• D. A gene is a lipid; lipids determine traits; phenotype is the physical manifestation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A gene is a portion of DNA that contains the instructions for a specific trait. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, encompassing all its genes. Phenotype, on the other hand, is the observable physical manifestation resulting from the interaction between an organism's genotype and environmental factors. Choice A is incorrect because genes do not consist of amino acids directly; they are sequences of nucleotides. Choice C is incorrect as genes do not determine traits directly but provide the instructions for proteins that may influence traits. Choice D is incorrect as genes are not lipids, and lipids do not determine traits; they are a type of biomolecule with different functions.

4. What is the structure that attaches to each chromosome during mitosis?

• A. Centromere
• B. Telomere
• C. Spindle apparatus
• D. Nucleolus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the centromere. It is the structure that attaches to each chromosome during mitosis. The centromere serves as the attachment point for spindle fibers during cell division, ensuring proper distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. Telomeres are found at the ends of chromosomes, providing protection and stability. The spindle apparatus is responsible for separating chromosomes during cell division. The nucleolus, located within the nucleus, is involved in ribosomal RNA synthesis and not in chromosome attachment during mitosis.

5. Which element has the same number of protons and neutrons?

• A. Carbon (C)
• B. Oxygen (O)
• C. Lithium (Li)
• D. Helium (He)

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is Helium (He). Helium has an atomic number of 2, meaning it has 2 protons. It also has 2 neutrons, which gives it a total mass number of 4. Therefore, Helium is an example of an element with an equal number of protons and neutrons. Choice A (Carbon) has 6 protons and usually has more neutrons than protons. Choice B (Oxygen) has 8 protons and 8 neutrons, so the numbers are not equal. Choice C (Lithium) has 3 protons and usually has more neutrons than protons, so it does not fit the criteria of having the same number of protons and neutrons.

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