Nursing Elites

1. The adaptive immune system has two main branches: humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?

• A. Helper T cells
• B. Cytotoxic T cells
• C. B cells
• D. Natural killer cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: B cells are primarily responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune system. When activated, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized to produce antibodies. Helper T cells play a crucial role in activating B cells, but they do not directly produce antibodies. Cytotoxic T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity by killing infected cells, while natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system and target virus-infected and cancerous cells. Therefore, the correct answer is C (B cells) as they are directly involved in the production of antibodies, essential for humoral immunity.

2. Which of the following is the cytoplasmic organelle that contains fluid-filled tubules for carrying and transporting substances?

• A. Endoplasmic reticulum
• B. Golgi apparatus
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Nucleus

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The endoplasmic reticulum is the correct answer. It is the cytoplasmic organelle that contains fluid-filled tubules responsible for carrying and transporting substances within the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification processes. The Golgi apparatus, although important in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or for use within the cell, does not primarily contain fluid-filled tubules for carrying and transporting substances. Mitochondria are responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration, not for carrying and transporting substances. The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and is involved in regulating cellular activities but does not contain fluid-filled tubules for transportation.

3. Which of the following is an example of a salt?

• A. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• C. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
• D. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a salt. Salts are ionic compounds formed by the reaction of an acid with a base. In this case, sodium chloride is formed by the reaction of sodium hydroxide (a base) with hydrochloric acid (an acid). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) are not salts because they are not formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base, which is a characteristic of salts.

4. Which of the following structures is responsible for filtering lymph and supporting the immune system?

• A. Kidneys
• B. Lymph nodes
• C. Pancreas
• D. Liver

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Lymph nodes are responsible for filtering lymph and supporting the immune system. They contain immune cells that trap and destroy pathogens, making them crucial in immune response. The other choices, kidneys, pancreas, and liver, do not play a direct role in filtering lymph or supporting the immune system. The kidneys filter blood to remove waste and regulate electrolytes, the pancreas is involved in digestion and blood sugar regulation, and the liver is primarily responsible for detoxification and metabolism.

5. Which property of a substance refers to the force exerted on an object due to gravity?

• A. Mass
• B. Weight
• C. Density
• D. Volume

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Weight.' Weight is the force exerted on an object due to gravity. Mass, on the other hand, refers to the amount of matter in an object. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance, and volume is the amount of space occupied by an object. In this context, weight specifically relates to the gravitational force acting on an object, making it the most appropriate choice among the options provided.

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