Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following choices best describes the location of the trachea in relation to the esophagus?

• A. Lateral
• B. Anterior
• C. Posterior
• D. Dorsal

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The trachea is situated in front of the esophagus, making it anterior to the esophagus. This anatomical relationship is crucial to understand in clinical practice, particularly regarding airway management and esophageal intubation. Therefore, the correct answer is B: 'Anterior.' Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the trachea is not located to the side (lateral), behind (posterior), or on the back (dorsal) of the esophagus.

2. How are sister chromatids distinguished from homologous chromosomes in meiosis I?

• A. Sister chromatids share the same centromere, while homologous chromosomes have different centromeres.
• B. Sister chromatids have identical DNA sequences, while homologous chromosomes have slightly different sequences due to crossing over.
• C. Sister chromatids repel each other, while homologous chromosomes attract each other during synapsis.
• D. Sister chromatids separate during anaphase I, while homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase II.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In meiosis I, sister chromatids are exact copies of each other, containing identical DNA sequences. On the other hand, homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes, with one inherited from each parent, and they can have different versions of genes due to genetic recombination during crossing over in prophase I. Choice A is incorrect because homologous chromosomes naturally have different centromeres. Choice C is incorrect as sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes do not exhibit repulsion or attraction during synapsis. Choice D is incorrect as sister chromatids separate during anaphase II, not anaphase I, while homologous chromosomes separate during anaphase I.

3. Through which part of the digestive system are nutrients absorbed into the bloodstream?

• A. Stomach
• B. Large intestine
• C. Small intestine
• D. Esophagus

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption in the digestive system. It is where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats occurs. The inner lining of the small intestine is covered in tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and into the bloodstream to be transported to cells throughout the body. The stomach's main role is to break down food through the action of stomach acids and enzymes but does not absorb nutrients. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter, and the esophagus is a muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach, without being involved in nutrient absorption.

4. Which type of orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons?

• A. s orbital
• B. p orbital
• C. d orbital
• D. f orbital

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the f orbital. Each f orbital can hold up to 2 electrons. Since there are 5 f orbitals, the total maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in f orbitals is 10 (2 electrons per orbital x 5 orbitals = 10 electrons). Therefore, the f orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. Choice A, s orbital, is incorrect because it can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. Choice B, p orbital, is incorrect because it can hold a maximum of 6 electrons (3 orbitals x 2 electrons per orbital = 6 electrons). Choice C, d orbital, is incorrect as it can hold a maximum of 10 electrons (5 orbitals x 2 electrons per orbital = 10 electrons), but the question asks for the type of orbital that can hold a maximum of 10 electrons, not the total number of electrons in d orbitals.

5. Which valve prevents backflow into the atrium when the ventricles contract?

• A. Pulmonary valve
• B. Tricuspid valve
• C. Mitral valve
• D. Aortic valve

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) prevents backflow into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts. This valve ensures that blood flows in the correct direction, preventing regurgitation into the atrium. The pulmonary valve is responsible for preventing backflow into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery. The mitral valve prevents backflow into the left atrium, and the aortic valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle from the aorta. Therefore, the correct answer is the tricuspid valve as it specifically addresses the scenario of backflow into the atrium during ventricular contraction.

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