Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone plays a key role in stimulating the release of milk from breast tissue after childbirth?

• A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• C. Prolactin
• D. Estrogen

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Prolactin is the hormone responsible for stimulating the release of milk from breast tissue after childbirth. It is produced by the pituitary gland and plays a crucial role in lactation. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are involved in the menstrual cycle and reproductive processes, not milk production. Estrogen is a female sex hormone with various functions but is not directly involved in milk production.

2. Isotopes are variants of a single element that differ in:

• A. Having the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons
• B. Having the same number of neutrons but varying numbers of protons
• C. Having the same mass but different atomic numbers
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Isotopes are variants of a single element that have the same number of protons, the defining characteristic of an element. They differ in the number of neutrons they possess, leading to isotopes having different atomic masses while retaining the same chemical properties. Choice B is incorrect because isotopes have the same number of neutrons and differ in the number of protons. Choice C is incorrect because isotopes have different masses due to varying numbers of neutrons, not different atomic numbers. Choice D is incorrect as isotopes do differ in the number of neutrons they possess.

3. Examine the following decomposition reaction: ABC → ______. Which of the following is a possible set of products for this reaction?

• A. 2AB + C
• B. AB + CD
• C. A + BC
• D. B + C

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In a decomposition reaction, a single reactant breaks down into two or more products. For the decomposition of ABC, a plausible set of products is A + BC. This reaction represents the breakdown of ABC into two separate components: A and BC. The correct choice C aligns with the fundamental concept of decomposition reactions, where a compound disintegrates into simpler substances. Choices A, B, and D do not reflect a proper decomposition reaction as they do not demonstrate the breakdown of the original compound into distinct components.

4. What is the purpose of sodium bicarbonate when released into the lumen of the small intestine?

• A. It works to chemically digest fats in the chyme.
• B. It decreases the pH of the chyme to prevent harm to the intestine.
• C. It works to chemically digest proteins in the chyme.
• D. It increases the pH of the chyme to prevent harm to the intestine.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate, when released into the lumen of the small intestine, functions to increase the pH of the acidic chyme coming from the stomach. This increase in pH helps neutralize the acidity of the chyme, creating a more optimal environment for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine to function properly. Maintaining a slightly basic pH in the small intestine is crucial for overall digestion and absorption of nutrients. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Sodium bicarbonate does not chemically digest fats or proteins in the chyme, and it does not decrease the pH of the chyme as it actually increases the pH to prevent harm to the intestine.

5. What is the process by which RNA molecules are modified after transcription but before translation?

• A. Replication
• B. Splicing
• C. Editing
• D. Packaging

Correct answer: B

Rationale: B) Splicing is the correct answer. Splicing is the process by which non-coding regions (introns) are removed from pre-mRNA, and the remaining coding regions (exons) are joined together to form mature mRNA. This modification occurs after transcription but before translation. A) Replication is incorrect as replication is the process by which DNA is copied to produce a new DNA molecule, not RNA modifications. C) Editing may involve RNA editing, but it is not commonly used to describe the modification of RNA molecules after transcription. D) Packaging is not the correct term as it refers to the condensation and organization of DNA into chromatin in eukaryotic cells, not the modification of RNA molecules.

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