Nursing Elites

1. Which of these organisms belongs to the kingdom Protista?

• A. Coral
• B. Yeast
• C. Euglena
• D. Mushroom

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Coral belongs to the kingdom Animalia, specifically in the phylum Cnidaria. B) Yeast belongs to the kingdom Fungi. C) Euglena is a unicellular organism that belongs to the kingdom Protista. It is a type of protist that has characteristics of both plants and animals. D) Mushroom belongs to the kingdom Fungi. Therefore, among the options provided, only Euglena belongs to the kingdom Protista.

2. Not all cells in the pancreas secrete insulin because of the hormone somatostatin, which inhibits the release of insulin by all cells. What type of intercellular chemical signal does this illustrate?

• A. Autocrine
• B. Neuromodulator
• C. Paracrine
• D. Pheromone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Paracrine. Somatostatin acts in a paracrine manner by inhibiting the release of insulin from nearby cells within the pancreas. Paracrine signaling involves the secretion of signals that act on neighboring cells, as seen in this scenario where somatostatin affects nearby pancreatic cells without entering the bloodstream or affecting distant cells. Autocrine signaling involves cells responding to substances they themselves release, which is not the case here. Neuromodulators are chemicals that modulate the activity of neurons, not directly related to this scenario. Pheromones are chemicals released into the environment to communicate with individuals of the same species, not relevant to the signaling within the pancreas.

3. What is the 3D structure of a protein called?

• A. Tertiary structure
• B. Secondary structure
• C. Primary structure
• D. Quaternary structure

Correct answer: A

Rationale: - Primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein. - Secondary structure refers to local folded structures within a protein, such as alpha helices and beta sheets. - Tertiary structure is the overall 3D shape of a protein, which is determined by interactions between amino acid side chains and the environment. - Quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple protein subunits in a protein complex. Therefore, the 3D structure of a protein is called the tertiary structure because it represents the overall folding of the protein into a specific shape.

4. What type of energy is stored in food?

• A. Mechanical energy
• B. Kinetic energy
• C. Chemical potential energy
• D. Thermal energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Food stores energy in the form of chemical potential energy. This energy is released during digestion and metabolism to provide the body with the energy it needs to function. It is derived from the bonds within the molecules of food, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Choice A, mechanical energy, is incorrect as food does not store energy in the form of mechanical energy. Choice B, kinetic energy, is incorrect as kinetic energy is associated with the motion of objects, not stored in food. Choice D, thermal energy, is incorrect as thermal energy relates to heat energy, which is not the primary form of energy stored in food.

5. Which of the following organs is part of the central nervous system?

• A. Heart
• B. Brain
• C. Liver
• D. Lungs

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Brain. The brain is a vital organ that is part of the central nervous system, along with the spinal cord. It plays a crucial role in processing information, controlling body functions, and coordinating responses to stimuli. The heart, liver, and lungs are not part of the central nervous system; they belong to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, respectively. The heart is part of the cardiovascular system, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. The liver is part of the digestive system, involved in processes like detoxification and metabolism. The lungs are part of the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing.

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