Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone is produced by the thyroid gland to regulate metabolism?

• A. Adrenaline
• B. Thyroxine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Thyroxine, also known as T4, is the hormone produced by the thyroid gland to regulate metabolism. It is essential for controlling the body's metabolic rate, heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, and bone maintenance. Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands, not the thyroid gland. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex, not the thyroid gland. Insulin is produced by the pancreas, not the thyroid gland. Therefore, the correct answer is Thyroxine (B).

2. Which type of cartilage allows for smooth movement at joints and absorbs shock?

• A. Hyaline cartilage
• B. Fibrocartilage
• C. Elastic cartilage
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Fibrocartilage is the correct answer. It is found in areas requiring both support and resilience, such as the intervertebral discs and knee joints. Fibrocartilage contains collagen fibers for strength and proteoglycans for resilience, making it suitable for functions that involve smooth movement at joints and shock absorption. Hyaline cartilage, while providing structural support, is not primarily responsible for smooth movement and shock absorption. Elastic cartilage is more flexible and is found in locations like the ear and epiglottis, but it is not known for its shock-absorbing properties. Choosing 'None of the above' disregards the correct option of fibrocartilage, which is specifically designed for the functions described in the question.

3. What is the name of the condition characterized by swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid?

• A. Anemia
• B. Edema
• C. Hypertension
• D. Diabetes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Edema is the condition characterized by swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid. It occurs when excess fluid is trapped in the body's tissues. Anemia (A) is a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells, leading to a reduced ability to carry oxygen in the blood. Hypertension (C) is high blood pressure, a condition where the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Diabetes (D) is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, either due to insufficient insulin production or the body's resistance to insulin, leading to various complications.

4. What is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs)?

• A. Viruses
• B. Bacteria
• C. Fungi
• D. Parasites

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. Among the options provided, bacteria are the most common cause of HAIs. Bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are known to cause a wide range of infections in healthcare settings. While viruses, fungi, and parasites can also cause HAIs, bacteria are the most prevalent and significant pathogens responsible for these infections. Proper infection control measures, including hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and antimicrobial stewardship, are essential in preventing and controlling HAIs caused by bacteria.

5. Which muscle is voluntary, striated, and found attached to bones?

• A. Smooth muscle
• B. Skeletal muscle
• C. Cardiac muscle
• D. Epithelial muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is both voluntary and striated, as well as attached to bones, allowing for movement. Smooth muscle, on the other hand, is involuntary and typically found in the walls of internal organs, controlling functions like digestion. Cardiac muscle is also striated, but it is involuntary and specifically found in the heart, responsible for cardiac contractions to pump blood. 'Epithelial muscle' is an incorrect term; epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that forms the linings of various body surfaces and structures, not a muscle type.

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