Nursing Elites

1. What are the two layers of the spinal cord?

• A. White matter and grey matter
• B. Epithelial and connective tissue
• C. Adipose and muscular tissue
• D. Dermis and hypodermis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: White matter and grey matter. The spinal cord is composed of an exterior layer of white matter, which surrounds an interior core of grey matter. White matter consists mainly of myelinated axons, while grey matter contains cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. White matter is responsible for transmitting nerve signals up and down the spinal cord, while grey matter processes sensory information and initiates motor commands. The other choices (B, C, D) are incorrect as they do not represent the anatomical layers of the spinal cord. Epithelial and connective tissue, adipose and muscular tissue, dermis, and hypodermis are not the layers of the spinal cord but are found in other parts of the body such as skin and organs.

2. What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?

• A. Upper and lower body bones
• B. Axial and appendicular skeleton
• C. Long and short bones
• D. Compact and spongy bone

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The skeletal system is divided into two main divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, providing structural support and protection for vital organs. On the other hand, the appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle, facilitating movement and flexibility. The divisions are based on the location and function of the bones within the skeletal system, making choices A, C, and D incorrect as they do not represent the primary divisions of the skeletal system.

3. What is the function of the immune system?

• A. To transport oxygen
• B. To fight infection
• C. To digest food
• D. To produce hormones

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To fight infection.' The immune system's primary function is to protect the body from infections and foreign invaders by recognizing and responding to pathogens. It plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and preventing diseases caused by harmful microorganisms. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the immune system is not responsible for transporting oxygen, digesting food, or producing hormones. These functions are carried out by other systems in the body, such as the respiratory system, digestive system, and endocrine system, respectively.

4. Which of the following is a true statement about dominance in genetics?

• A. All genes adhere to Mendel’s law of dominance.
• B. A dominant allele will always be expressed.
• C. When two dominant alleles are present, the resulting phenotype will express both traits.
• D. There are three or more alleles possible for all genes.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In genetics, dominance refers to the relationship between two different alleles of a gene where one allele (dominant) masks the expression of another allele (recessive) in an individual's phenotype. The correct statement about dominance is that a dominant allele will always be expressed in the phenotype, even in the presence of a recessive allele. This means that if an individual has at least one dominant allele for a particular trait, that trait will be expressed. Choice A is incorrect because not all genes follow Mendel’s law of dominance; exceptions do exist. Choice C is incorrect because when two dominant alleles are present, only one will be expressed due to complete dominance. Choice D is incorrect as there can be more than three alleles for a gene, and not all genes have three or more alleles.

5. Which of the following best describes the function of synergists?

• A. They assist primary movers in completing specific movements
• B. They stabilize the point of origin and provide extra pull near the insertion
• C. They help prevent unwanted movement at a joint
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Synergists play multiple roles in muscle function. They assist primary movers in completing specific movements by working together with them. Additionally, synergists help stabilize the point of origin and provide extra pull near the insertion, contributing to the efficiency of movement. Furthermore, they also help prevent unwanted movement at a joint by ensuring that the intended motion is executed smoothly. Therefore, all the statements in the answer choices accurately describe the functions of synergists, making 'All of the above' the most comprehensive and precise description of their role.

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