Nursing Elites

1. Which gland produces melatonin?

• A. Pineal gland
• B. Thyroid gland
• C. Adrenal gland
• D. Pituitary gland

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Pineal gland. This gland is responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin production is influenced by exposure to light, with levels typically rising in the evening to promote sleep and falling in the morning to aid wakefulness. The Thyroid gland (choice B) produces hormones that regulate metabolism, the Adrenal gland (choice C) produces hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, and the Pituitary gland (choice D) controls several other glands in the endocrine system.

2. What is the role of platelets in the blood?

• A. To transport oxygen
• B. To fight infections
• C. To clot blood
• D. To carry nutrients

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, play a crucial role in blood clotting. When there is an injury, platelets adhere to the site and release substances that form a clot, preventing excessive bleeding. This function is vital for maintaining hemostasis and preventing blood loss. Choice A is incorrect because red blood cells, not platelets, are responsible for transporting oxygen. Choice B is incorrect as white blood cells are primarily responsible for fighting infections. Choice D is incorrect as nutrients are mainly transported by plasma and red blood cells, not platelets.

3. Which structure in the brain is involved in regulating body temperature?

• A. Cerebellum
• B. Hypothalamus
• C. Medulla oblongata
• D. Pineal gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and other autonomic functions, aiding in the maintenance of homeostasis within the body. It acts as the body's thermostat, responding to internal and external temperature changes to keep the body within a narrow temperature range. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. The cerebellum is mainly involved in coordinating voluntary movements and balance. The medulla oblongata controls vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing. The pineal gland is responsible for producing melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles.

4. Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose levels?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Cortisol
• D. Adrenaline

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is the hormone released in response to low blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas secretes glucagon to stimulate the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, increasing blood sugar levels. This helps to restore the body's glucose balance. Insulin, on the other hand, is released in response to high blood glucose levels to lower blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake by cells. Cortisol is a stress hormone, and adrenaline is released in response to stress or danger, not specifically to regulate blood glucose levels.

5. The coronal plane of the body may also be called the ___________ plane.

• A. sagittal
• B. median
• C. frontal
• D. axial

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: frontal. The coronal plane of the body is also known as the frontal plane. This plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections. It is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into front and back portions. The term 'coronal' is often used in radiology and anatomy to describe this specific anatomical plane. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions, the median plane is another name for the sagittal plane, and the axial plane is a term less commonly used to describe an anatomical plane.

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