Nursing Elites

1. Which element has the lowest electronegativity value?

• A. Oxygen
• B. Fluorine
• C. Helium
• D. Chlorine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Helium (C). Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a bond. Helium, as a noble gas, has a very low electronegativity because its outer electron shell is already full and stable, resulting in minimal attraction for additional electrons. Oxygen (A), Fluorine (B), and Chlorine (D) are all non-noble gas elements that have higher electronegativity values compared to Helium due to their electron configurations and tendencies to attract electrons.

2. How is the density of a substance calculated?

• A. Mass / Volume
• B. Volume / Mass
• C. Mass x Volume
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The density of a substance is calculated by dividing the mass of the substance by its volume. The formula for density is Density = Mass / Volume. This calculation allows us to determine how much mass is present in a given volume of a substance, making option A the correct choice. Choice B (Volume / Mass) is incorrect because density is defined as mass per unit volume, so mass should be the numerator. Choice C (Mass x Volume) is incorrect as this would result in a different unit of measurement and not represent density. Choice D (None of the above) is incorrect as there is a specific formula for calculating density, which is mass divided by volume.

3. What is the function of introns in eukaryotic genes?

• A. They code for protein sequences.
• B. They are involved in gene regulation.
• C. They are removed during mRNA processing.
• D. They are non-functional remnants of ancient DNA.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A) Introns do not code for protein sequences. Exons are the segments of DNA that code for proteins. B) While introns can indirectly influence gene regulation, their primary function is not directly involved in gene regulation. C) Introns are non-coding regions of DNA that are transcribed into pre-mRNA but are removed during mRNA processing through a process called splicing. This allows only the exons to be included in the mature mRNA that will be translated into proteins. D) While introns were once thought to be non-functional remnants of ancient DNA, research has shown that they can have regulatory functions and play a role in gene expression.

4. Which neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure, reward, and motivation, and is often implicated in conditions such as addiction?

• A. Acetylcholine
• B. Dopamine
• C. Serotonin
• D. GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Dopamine is the neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, reward, and motivation. It plays a crucial role in the brain's reward system and is often implicated in conditions such as addiction. Acetylcholine is involved in muscle movement and memory, serotonin is linked to mood regulation, and GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps reduce neuronal excitability. Therefore, the correct answer is dopamine as it aligns with the neurotransmitter functions related to pleasure, reward, and motivation, distinct from the roles of acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA.

5. Which term refers to a position toward the head? Example: The hand is part of the superior extremity.

• A. Superior
• B. Inferior
• C. Medial
• D. Lateral

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Superior.' 'Superior' refers to a position toward the head, while 'inferior' is the term for a position toward the feet. In the given example, the hand belongs to the superior extremity, which includes structures closer to the head. 'Inferior' is incorrect as it refers to a position away from the head or toward the feet. 'Medial' describes a position closer to the midline of the body, while 'lateral' refers to a position farther away from the midline.

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