Nursing Elites

1. What is the main function of calcitonin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland?

• A. Stimulate metabolism and heat production
• B. Increase calcium absorption from the intestines
• C. Enhance bone growth and development
• D. Lower blood calcium levels

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Calcitonin is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that primarily functions to lower blood calcium levels. It achieves this by inhibiting bone breakdown and promoting calcium excretion by the kidneys. Therefore, the correct answer is D as it reflects the main role of calcitonin in calcium homeostasis. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with the primary function of calcitonin. Calcitonin does not stimulate metabolism and heat production (Choice A), increase calcium absorption from the intestines (Choice B), or enhance bone growth and development (Choice C).

2. Tendonitis is an inflammation of which part of the body?

• A. Muscles
• B. Tendons
• C. Ligaments
• D. Cartilage

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Tendonitis specifically refers to the inflammation of tendons, which are the thick cords that connect muscles to bones. The correct answer is tendons. Choice A, muscles, are not affected in tendonitis, but rather in myositis, which is the inflammation of muscles. Ligaments (Choice C) connect bones to other bones, while cartilage (Choice D) is a smooth and flexible tissue that covers the ends of bones at a joint. Therefore, the correct term for inflammation of tendons is tendonitis.

3. Which types of molecules can move through a cell membrane by passive transport?

• A. Complex sugars
• B. Non-lipid soluble molecules
• C. Oxygen
• D. Molecules moving from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxygen. Small, non-polar molecules like oxygen can easily pass through the cell membrane by passive transport as they move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy input. Complex sugars (choice A) are typically too large to pass through the membrane by passive transport. Non-lipid soluble molecules (choice B) may require active transport mechanisms. Choice D describes active transport, where molecules move against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input.

4. How does the amplitude of a wave relate to its intensity or loudness?

• A. They are inversely proportional.
• B. They are directly proportional.
• C. They have no relationship.
• D. Amplitude affects frequency, not intensity.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The amplitude of a wave is directly related to its intensity or loudness. In general, the larger the amplitude of a wave, the greater its intensity or loudness. This relationship is due to the fact that the amplitude of a wave represents the maximum displacement of particles in the medium from their rest position. The greater the displacement, the more energy the wave carries, leading to higher intensity or louder sound. Choice A is incorrect because the relationship between amplitude and intensity is direct, not inverse. Choice C is incorrect as there is a clear relationship between amplitude and intensity. Choice D is incorrect as amplitude primarily affects intensity or loudness, not frequency.

5. Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the feeling of happiness and well-being?

• A. Dopamine
• B. Serotonin
• C. GABA
• D. Acetylcholine

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter known for its role in mood regulation, promoting feelings of happiness and well-being. It helps regulate emotions, sleep, and appetite. Low levels of serotonin have been linked to conditions like depression and anxiety. Choice A, Dopamine, is more associated with pleasure and reward pathways in the brain. GABA (Choice C) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in reducing neuronal excitability, not primarily linked to happiness. Acetylcholine (Choice D) is involved in muscle contraction and has functions related to memory and attention, but it is not primarily associated with feelings of happiness and well-being.

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