Nursing Elites

1. What type of inheritance pattern results in a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation?

• A. Incomplete dominance
• B. Codominance
• C. Sex-linked inheritance
• D. Autosomal dominant inheritance

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Autosomal dominant inheritance results in a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation. This inheritance pattern occurs when a single copy of the dominant allele is enough to express the dominant phenotype. A) Incomplete dominance: In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes, and it does not lead to a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation. B) Codominance: In codominance, both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygous phenotype, but this pattern also does not result in a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation. C) Sex-linked inheritance: Sex-linked inheritance involves genes located on the sex chromosomes and does not typically lead to a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes in the F2 generation.

2. Which of the following hormones helps regulate blood pressure by affecting kidney function?

• A. Insulin
• B. Testosterone
• C. Renin
• D. Estrogen

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Renin is the hormone that helps regulate blood pressure by affecting kidney function. It is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low blood volume. Renin plays a crucial role in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is responsible for regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Insulin, testosterone, and estrogen do not directly impact blood pressure regulation through kidney function. Insulin is involved in regulating glucose metabolism, testosterone is a male sex hormone, and estrogen is a female sex hormone. Therefore, the correct answer is Renin (Choice C) because of its specific role in blood pressure regulation through kidney function.

3. Which type of tissue provides support and structure to the body?

• A. Muscle tissue
• B. Connective tissue
• C. Nervous tissue
• D. Epithelial tissue

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Connective tissue is the correct answer as it provides support, structure, and strength to the body by holding tissues and organs in place. Muscle tissue is primarily responsible for movement, nervous tissue for communication, and epithelial tissue for covering and lining surfaces. While muscle tissue allows for voluntary and involuntary movement, nervous tissue transmits electrical signals, and epithelial tissue acts as a protective barrier and is involved in absorption and secretion. Therefore, in the context of providing support and structure, connective tissue is the most appropriate choice.

4. What term describes the point where parallel rays of light converge or appear to diverge after passing through a lens or reflecting off a mirror?

• A. Aperture
• B. Focal length
• C. Refractive index
• D. Lens thickness

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The focal length is the term used to describe the point where parallel rays of light converge or appear to diverge after passing through a lens or reflecting off a mirror. It is a fundamental concept in optics that determines the behavior of light rays in optical systems. The focal length directly affects image formation, magnification, and focus. Options (A) Aperture, (C) Refractive index, and (D) Lens thickness are not specifically associated with the convergence or divergence of light rays in optical systems. Aperture refers to the opening through which light passes, refractive index is a measure of how much light bends when entering a medium, and lens thickness is unrelated to the convergence or divergence of light rays.

5. What impact would the removal of a keystone species have in an ecosystem?

• A. Lead to a decrease in competition among other species
• B. Cause a slight increase in primary productivity
• C. Have a minimal impact on the overall ecosystem structure
• D. Disrupt the food web and cause cascading effects on other populations

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Keystone species play a crucial role in maintaining the balance and structure of an ecosystem due to their significant influence. If a keystone species is removed, it disrupts the delicate food web dynamics and can trigger cascading effects throughout the ecosystem. The disruption in predator-prey relationships can lead to population declines and even extinctions of other species. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because the removal of a keystone species would not decrease competition among other species, cause a slight increase in primary productivity, or have a minimal impact on the overall ecosystem structure. Instead, it would have a profound impact, disrupting the food web and causing cascading effects on other populations.

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